{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2742947264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2017.1356750","title":"Deep learning of brain lesion patterns and user-defined clinical and MRI features for predicting conversion to multiple sclerosis from clinically isolated syndrome","display_name":"Deep learning of brain lesion patterns and user-defined clinical and MRI features for predicting conversion to multiple sclerosis from clinically isolated syndrome","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2742947264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2017.1356750","mag":"2742947264"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/21681163.2017.1356750","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2017.1356750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764763012","display_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering Imaging & Visualization","issn_l":"2168-1163","issn":["2168-1163","2168-1171"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031310336","display_name":"Youngjin Yoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-0503"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Youngjin Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Program, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada","MS/MRI Research Group, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Program, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS/MRI Research Group, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071527352","display_name":"Lisa Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2545-8440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa Y. W. Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada","MS/MRI Research Group, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS/MRI Research Group, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082963520","display_name":"David K.B. Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1121-5571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David K. B. Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada","MS/MRI Research Group, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS/MRI Research Group, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085566077","display_name":"Luanne M. Metz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9868-6842"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luanne Metz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Neurology, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Neurology, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012087557","display_name":"Shannon Kolind","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1362-1968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shannon Kolind","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030980805","display_name":"Anthony Traboulsee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0351-9639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony L. Traboulsee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada","MS/MRI Research Group, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS/MRI Research Group, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084754494","display_name":"Roger Tam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-2587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger C. Tam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Program, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada","Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada","MS/MRI Research Group, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Program, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS/MRI Research Group, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031310336"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9274,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74405,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"3","first_page":"250","last_page":"259"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10137","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10137","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10727","display_name":"Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography","score":0.9797999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.9732000231742859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voxel","display_name":"Voxel","score":0.6956232190132141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lesion","display_name":"Lesion","score":0.6593434810638428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5343154668807983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.4884015917778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-sclerosis","display_name":"Multiple sclerosis","score":0.4646811783313751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4432210326194763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.40416476130485535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35964810848236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.31577038764953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.18240803480148315}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54170458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663554","display_name":"Voxel","level":2,"score":0.6956232190132141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781156865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827023","display_name":"Lesion","level":2,"score":0.6593434810638428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5343154668807983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4884015917778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780640218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8277","display_name":"Multiple sclerosis","level":2,"score":0.4646811783313751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4432210326194763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.40416476130485535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35964810848236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31577038764953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.18240803480148315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/21681163.2017.1356750","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2017.1356750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764763012","display_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering Imaging & Visualization","issn_l":"2168-1163","issn":["2168-1163","2168-1171"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G14632575","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Identifier: NCT00666887","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319986","funder_display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7771456417","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN 402202-12","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8401091714","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NCT00666887","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319986","funder_display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319986","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04d8ywj90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6908809","https://openalex.org/W40338364","https://openalex.org/W346782365","https://openalex.org/W1576278180","https://openalex.org/W1582774210","https://openalex.org/W1667652561","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1875842236","https://openalex.org/W1971014294","https://openalex.org/W1982783081","https://openalex.org/W2000137535","https://openalex.org/W2001356567","https://openalex.org/W2013742779","https://openalex.org/W2026071608","https://openalex.org/W2036909473","https://openalex.org/W2076091679","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2109574134","https://openalex.org/W2112165124","https://openalex.org/W2118692366","https://openalex.org/W2122545833","https://openalex.org/W2122894564","https://openalex.org/W2126598020","https://openalex.org/W2130371234","https://openalex.org/W2134560790","https://openalex.org/W2143895814","https://openalex.org/W2151475427","https://openalex.org/W2158618294","https://openalex.org/W2310177520","https://openalex.org/W2346062110","https://openalex.org/W2384495648","https://openalex.org/W2522186216","https://openalex.org/W2526421605","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2916040650","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W4302296459"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385842477","https://openalex.org/W3027020613","https://openalex.org/W2016533837","https://openalex.org/W2775228109","https://openalex.org/W3167885074","https://openalex.org/W3176930657","https://openalex.org/W2892386716","https://openalex.org/W1998563493","https://openalex.org/W4394833138","https://openalex.org/W2139437222"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multiple":[0],"sclerosis":[1],"(MS)":[2],"is":[3,12,186,262,345,359,368],"a":[4,34,106,218,240,320,380],"neurological":[5],"disease":[6,126,342],"with":[7,69,81,99,151,197,217,370],"an":[8,331],"early":[9,100],"course":[10],"that":[11,83,116,148,174,326,344,367],"characterised":[13],"by":[14,20,213,402],"attacks":[15,32],"of":[16,23,31,109,183,192,231,243,254,257,304,335,347,395,398],"clinical":[17,73,95,121,291,350],"worsening,":[18],"separated":[19],"variable":[21],"periods":[22],"remission.":[24],"The":[25,170],"ability":[26],"to":[27,41,47,55,78,123,142,153,189,222,266,352],"predict":[28,76],"the":[29,158,181,190,193,204,223,229,255,294,299,308,362,392],"risk":[30,230],"in":[33,97,120,319,340],"given":[35],"time":[36],"frame":[37],"can":[38,60,75,329],"be":[39],"used":[40,119,272],"identify":[42],"patients":[43,98],"who":[44],"are":[45,149,173,177],"likely":[46],"benefit":[48,394],"from":[49,166,234,316],"more":[50,111],"proactive":[51],"treatment.":[52],"We":[53],"aim":[54],"determine":[56],"whether":[57],"deep":[58,403],"learning":[59],"extract":[61,143],"latent":[62,144,399],"MS":[63,79,101,145,155,354],"lesion":[64,130,146,163,175,225,371,400],"features":[65,276,401],"that,":[66],"when":[67],"combined":[68],"user-defined":[70,282,290,301,386],"radiological":[71,348],"and":[72,132,180,247,259,288,312],"measurements,":[74],"conversion":[77,152,351],"(defined":[80],"criteria":[82],"include":[84],"new":[85,88,94],"T2":[86],"lesions,":[87],"T1":[89],"gadolinium":[90],"enhancing":[91],"lesions":[92],"and/or":[93],"relapse)":[96],"symptoms":[102],"(clinically":[103],"isolated":[104],"syndrome),":[105],"prodromal":[107],"stage":[108],"MS,":[110],"accurately":[112],"than":[113,361],"imaging":[114,285],"biomarkers":[115],"have":[117],"been":[118],"studies":[122],"evaluate":[124],"overall":[125],"state,":[127],"such":[128],"as":[129],"volume":[131,372],"brain":[133],"volume.":[134],"More":[135,374],"specifically,":[136],"we":[137,201,238,279,324],"use":[138,239],"convolutional":[139],"neural":[140],"networks":[141],"patterns":[147],"associated":[150],"definite":[154,353],"(based":[156],"on":[157],"McDonald":[159],"2005":[160],"criteria)":[161],"using":[162,383],"masks":[164,176],"segmented":[165],"baseline":[167,300,309],"MR":[168],"images.":[169,194],"main":[171],"challenges":[172],"generally":[178],"sparse":[179,198],"number":[182],"training":[184],"samples":[185],"small":[187],"relative":[188],"dimensionality":[191],"To":[195,227],"cope":[196],"voxel":[199,216],"data,":[200],"propose":[202],"utilising":[203],"Euclidean":[205],"distance":[206,221],"transform":[207],"(EDT)":[208],"for":[209,277],"increasing":[210],"information":[211],"density":[212],"populating":[214],"each":[215],"value":[219],"indicating":[220],"closest":[224],"boundary.":[226],"reduce":[228],"overfitting":[232],"resulting":[233],"high":[235],"image":[236,275],"dimensionality,":[237],"synergistic":[241],"combination":[242],"downsampling,":[244],"unsupervised":[245,260],"pretraining":[246,261],"regularisation":[248],"during":[249],"training.":[250],"A":[251],"detailed":[252],"analysis":[253],"impact":[256],"EDT":[258],"presented.":[263],"In":[264,297],"contrast":[265],"our":[267,327,376],"previous":[268],"work,":[269],"which":[270,358],"only":[271],"automatically":[273],"learned":[274],"prediction,":[278],"incorporate":[280],"three":[281],"magnetic":[283],"resonance":[284],"(MRI)":[286],"measurements":[287,292,302,315,387],"eight":[289],"into":[293],"prediction":[295],"model.":[296],"total,":[298],"consist":[303],"11":[305],"features.":[306],"Using":[307],"MRI":[310],"scans":[311],"all":[313,384],"available":[314,385],"140":[317],"subjects":[318],"sevenfold":[321],"cross-validation":[322],"procedure,":[323],"demonstrate":[325],"model":[328,377],"achieve":[330],"average":[332],"accuracy":[333],"rate":[334],"75.0%":[336],"(SD":[337,364],"=":[338,365],"11.3%)":[339],"predicting":[341],"activity":[343],"indicative":[346],"or":[349],"within":[355],"two":[356],"years,":[357],"higher":[360],"65.0%":[363],"14.6%)":[366],"attained":[369],"alone.":[373],"significantly,":[375],"also":[378],"outperformed":[379],"random":[381],"forest":[382],"(67.9%,":[388],"SD=10.6%),":[389],"thereby":[390],"demonstrating":[391],"potential":[393],"automatic":[396],"extraction":[397],"learning.":[404]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}