{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2560830349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2016.1261370","title":"Artificial neural networks for the recognition of vertebral landmarks in the lumbar spine","display_name":"Artificial neural networks for the recognition of vertebral landmarks in the lumbar spine","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2560830349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2016.1261370","mag":"2560830349"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/21681163.2016.1261370","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2016.1261370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764763012","display_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering Imaging & Visualization","issn_l":"2168-1163","issn":["2168-1163","2168-1171"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079336039","display_name":"Fabio Galbusera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1826-9190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153126","display_name":"Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico","ror":"https://ror.org/04tfzc498","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113215","display_name":"Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrje42","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113215","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Galbusera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Biological Structures Mechanics, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Biological Structures Mechanics, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113215","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044177381","display_name":"Tito Bassani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3312-1565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153126","display_name":"Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico","ror":"https://ror.org/04tfzc498","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113215","display_name":"Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrje42","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113215","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tito Bassani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Biological Structures Mechanics, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Biological Structures Mechanics, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113215","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030507228","display_name":"Francesco Costa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5191-9477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1339471597","display_name":"Humanitas University","ror":"https://ror.org/020dggs04","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1339471597"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1339471597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002902152","display_name":"Marco Brayda\u2010Bruno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8608-0114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113215","display_name":"Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrje42","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113215","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Brayda-Bruno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Spine Surgery III, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Spine Surgery III, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102971682","display_name":"Alberto Zerbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3918-5543"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153126","display_name":"Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico","ror":"https://ror.org/04tfzc498","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113215","display_name":"Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrje42","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113215","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Zerbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113215","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085119213","display_name":"Hans\u2010Joachim Wilke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6007-8844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans-Joachim Wilke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Trauma Research Ulm (ZTF), Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Trauma Research Ulm (ZTF), Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079336039"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113215","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8547,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75012705,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"447","last_page":"452"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10238","display_name":"Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11030","display_name":"Scoliosis diagnosis and treatment","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.7413462400436401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sagittal-plane","display_name":"Sagittal plane","score":0.7112446427345276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6454547643661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6411476731300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6385353207588196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiography","display_name":"Radiography","score":0.5758205056190491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lumbar","display_name":"Lumbar","score":0.5323123335838318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lumbar-vertebrae","display_name":"Lumbar vertebrae","score":0.46206650137901306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.40523725748062134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3978113830089569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.30576473474502563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anatomy","display_name":"Anatomy","score":0.27239561080932617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.1978137493133545}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.7413462400436401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178910020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2211994","display_name":"Sagittal plane","level":2,"score":0.7112446427345276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6454547643661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6411476731300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6385353207588196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36454342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245341","display_name":"Radiography","level":2,"score":0.5758205056190491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44575665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1293405","display_name":"Lumbar","level":2,"score":0.5323123335838318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779835254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405478","display_name":"Lumbar vertebrae","level":3,"score":0.46206650137901306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.40523725748062134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3978113830089569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.30576473474502563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.27239561080932617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.1978137493133545}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/21681163.2016.1261370","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2016.1261370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764763012","display_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering Imaging & Visualization","issn_l":"2168-1163","issn":["2168-1163","2168-1171"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7178709693","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZK4145001CR5","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323803","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323803","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","ror":"https://ror.org/02vgg2808"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1573503290","https://openalex.org/W1727290854","https://openalex.org/W1965812174","https://openalex.org/W1967670797","https://openalex.org/W1969265440","https://openalex.org/W1977931720","https://openalex.org/W1981025032","https://openalex.org/W1985504822","https://openalex.org/W2001770256","https://openalex.org/W2006944834","https://openalex.org/W2008979346","https://openalex.org/W2018019929","https://openalex.org/W2025672054","https://openalex.org/W2029415030","https://openalex.org/W2033099891","https://openalex.org/W2035026463","https://openalex.org/W2037232743","https://openalex.org/W2040870580","https://openalex.org/W2044029912","https://openalex.org/W2072403632","https://openalex.org/W2095957141","https://openalex.org/W2106278343","https://openalex.org/W2132713491","https://openalex.org/W2136278616","https://openalex.org/W2142568044","https://openalex.org/W2146502635","https://openalex.org/W2148584290","https://openalex.org/W2217896605","https://openalex.org/W2259183283","https://openalex.org/W2271840356","https://openalex.org/W2419072813"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056853153","https://openalex.org/W2998159180","https://openalex.org/W2761305617","https://openalex.org/W2331564809","https://openalex.org/W2132136475","https://openalex.org/W4379259111","https://openalex.org/W2263075580","https://openalex.org/W3032641248","https://openalex.org/W2026620686","https://openalex.org/W2368831558"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,136,156,184],"diagnosis":[1],"and":[2,30,67,128,143,164,179,197],"treatment":[3],"of":[4,11,28,33,43,92,100,106,122,126,153,158,208,216,223],"spinal":[5,45,112],"disorders":[6,113],"often":[7],"requires":[8],"the":[9,24,41,44,89,119,123,150,175,213,224],"measurements":[10],"anatomical":[12,161],"parameters":[13,162,219],"on":[14,83,174],"radiographic":[15,98,103,221],"projections,":[16],"which":[17,60,199],"is":[18,47,65,95],"usually":[19],"performed":[20],"manually.":[21],"Due":[22],"to":[23,70,88,141,181,188,191],"non":[25],"negligible":[26],"degree":[27],"intra-":[29],"inter-observer":[31],"variability":[32],"these":[34],"measurements,":[35],"a":[36,61,79,84],"user-independent,":[37],"automated":[38,57],"method":[39,81,186],"for":[40,55,73],"characterisation":[42],"anatomy":[46],"needed.":[48],"Artificial":[49],"neural":[50,85,147,209],"networks":[51],"are":[52],"currently":[53],"used":[54,140],"many":[56],"tasks":[58],"in":[59,133,149],"robust,":[62],"fault-tolerant":[63],"performance":[64],"needed,":[66],"may":[68],"prove":[69],"be":[71,189,201],"useful":[72],"this":[74,77],"task.":[75],"In":[76],"paper,":[78],"novel":[80,185],"based":[82,173],"network":[86,148],"aimed":[87],"automatic":[90,151,214],"identification":[91],"vertebral":[93,124,165,193],"landmarks":[94,117],"presented.":[96],"A":[97],"database":[99],"lumbar":[101,225],"sagittal":[102],"projections":[104],"vertebrae":[105],"adult":[107],"patients":[108],"suffering":[109],"from":[110,220],"various":[111],"was":[114],"created.":[115],"Vertebral":[116],"at":[118],"projected":[120],"corners":[121],"endplates":[125],"L3":[127],"L4":[129],"were":[130,139,169],"manually":[131],"identified":[132],"all":[134],"images.":[135],"annotated":[137],"images":[138,222],"train":[142],"test":[144],"an":[145],"artificial":[146],"recognition":[152],"such":[154],"landmarks.":[155],"values":[157],"clinically":[159,217],"relevant":[160,218],"(disc":[163],"heights,":[166],"disc":[167],"wedging)":[168],"then":[170],"geometrically":[171],"calculated":[172],"predicted":[176],"landmark":[177],"coordinates":[178],"compared":[180],"manual":[182],"measurements.":[183],"proved":[187],"able":[190],"identify":[192],"landmarks,":[194],"with":[195],"errors":[196],"limitations":[198],"should":[200],"taken":[202],"into":[203],"account.":[204],"Possible":[205],"future":[206],"applications":[207],"network-based":[210],"methods":[211],"include":[212],"extraction":[215],"spine.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}