{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154102585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2026.2655742","title":"Inferring spatial causations from spatial associations considering spatial lags: a case study of geohazards in Yunnan, China","display_name":"Inferring spatial causations from spatial associations considering spatial lags: a case study of geohazards in Yunnan, China","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154102585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2026.2655742"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/19475683.2026.2655742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2026.2655742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199948","display_name":"Annals of GIS","issn_l":"1947-5683","issn":["1947-5683","1947-5691"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of GIS","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2026.2655742","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111154895","display_name":"Bingrong Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingrong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central South University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1975-7268","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central South University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042416229","display_name":"Kaiqi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7505-0764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kaiqi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central South University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7505-0764","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central South University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133540057","display_name":"Min Deng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central South University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central South University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035708362","display_name":"Senzhang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3615-4859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Senzhang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central South University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central South University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027239954","display_name":"Xuexi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5531-5841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuexi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central South University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central South University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100590031","display_name":"Keyi An","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keyi An","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central South University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central South University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112107958","display_name":"Weihong Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihong Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central South University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central South University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103039480","display_name":"Cheng Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2022-071X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10660446","display_name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xyeez13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kunming University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042416229"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57629181,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"2","first_page":"387","last_page":"416"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11911","display_name":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","score":0.1695999950170517,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11911","display_name":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","score":0.1695999950170517,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.05180000141263008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.0406000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.4659000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-information-system","display_name":"Geographic information system","score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-variability","display_name":"Spatial variability","score":0.26660001277923584}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.4659000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4300999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186744025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574064","display_name":"Spatial epidemiology","level":3,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158709400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586","display_name":"Spatial ecology","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778304055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657474","display_name":"Beijing","level":3,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/19475683.2026.2655742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2026.2655742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199948","display_name":"Annals of GIS","issn_l":"1947-5683","issn":["1947-5683","1947-5691"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of GIS","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bae1f812d0214ecca4b57d60efb2ef27","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bae1f812d0214ecca4b57d60efb2ef27","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Annals of GIS, Vol 32, Iss 2, Pp 387-416 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/19475683.2026.2655742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2026.2655742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199948","display_name":"Annals of GIS","issn_l":"1947-5683","issn":["1947-5683","1947-5691"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of GIS","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5920257568359375,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G725002896","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42501584","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8203173600","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42430110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490576214","https://openalex.org/W1516659296","https://openalex.org/W1575365184","https://openalex.org/W1977446441","https://openalex.org/W1986280091","https://openalex.org/W2041782669","https://openalex.org/W2047884796","https://openalex.org/W2051148835","https://openalex.org/W2061624754","https://openalex.org/W2083278075","https://openalex.org/W2089198100","https://openalex.org/W2110818436","https://openalex.org/W2115904708","https://openalex.org/W2140018188","https://openalex.org/W2143117649","https://openalex.org/W2154062944","https://openalex.org/W2155163959","https://openalex.org/W2178225550","https://openalex.org/W2511412366","https://openalex.org/W2555933598","https://openalex.org/W2557632452","https://openalex.org/W2791859701","https://openalex.org/W2803626212","https://openalex.org/W2804536328","https://openalex.org/W2911431793","https://openalex.org/W2913023635","https://openalex.org/W3015976670","https://openalex.org/W3039378376","https://openalex.org/W3039641224","https://openalex.org/W3082011280","https://openalex.org/W3093027459","https://openalex.org/W3101966361","https://openalex.org/W3119934201","https://openalex.org/W3122746033","https://openalex.org/W3123974754","https://openalex.org/W3124658416","https://openalex.org/W3157189937","https://openalex.org/W3171908787","https://openalex.org/W3197559294","https://openalex.org/W3200861564","https://openalex.org/W3210093071","https://openalex.org/W3217360279","https://openalex.org/W4200116575","https://openalex.org/W4206602735","https://openalex.org/W4220732606","https://openalex.org/W4220871334","https://openalex.org/W4281400983","https://openalex.org/W4285282135","https://openalex.org/W4320486210","https://openalex.org/W4367307868","https://openalex.org/W4376872728","https://openalex.org/W4380538427","https://openalex.org/W4380881411","https://openalex.org/W4385568375","https://openalex.org/W4385652283","https://openalex.org/W4386255800","https://openalex.org/W4386935526","https://openalex.org/W4388208509","https://openalex.org/W4389739264","https://openalex.org/W4389779999","https://openalex.org/W4391593114","https://openalex.org/W4396673131"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,154],"inference":[1,165],"of":[2,84,156,195],"causation":[3],"is":[4,166],"essential":[5],"for":[6,120,190],"interpretable":[7],"scientific":[8],"research":[9],"and":[10,23,38,59,82,94,145,163,177],"evidence-based":[11],"policymaking.":[12],"Existing":[13],"causal":[14,62,108,118,149,164],"methods":[15,46],"\u2013":[16,26],"including":[17],"those":[18],"based":[19],"on":[20],"intervention,":[21],"forecasting,":[22],"graph":[24],"models":[25],"have":[27],"achieved":[28],"considerable":[29],"success":[30],"in":[31,105,197],"non-spatial":[32],"domains":[33],"such":[34,78],"as":[35,79],"medicine,":[36],"economics,":[37],"sociology.":[39],"However,":[40],"significant":[41],"challenges":[42],"arise":[43],"when":[44],"these":[45,96,112,152],"are":[47],"applied":[48],"to":[49,73,132],"geographic":[50,121],"phenomena,":[51],"which":[52,64],"constitute":[53],"complex":[54],"spatiotemporal":[55],"processes":[56],"integrating":[57],"geo-events":[58],"geo-environments.":[60,101],"Current":[61],"methods,":[63],"predominantly":[65],"infer":[66],"relationships":[67,150],"from":[68,142,151],"temporal":[69],"information,":[70,77],"often":[71],"fail":[72],"fully":[74],"utilize":[75],"spatial":[76,90,134,139,157],"the":[80,192],"locations":[81,144],"distributions":[83],"geo-events.":[85],"Furthermore,":[86],"they":[87],"typically":[88],"overlook":[89],"lags":[91,97,158],"between":[92],"events":[93],"how":[95],"vary":[98],"across":[99],"different":[100],"These":[102],"limitations":[103],"result":[104],"potentially":[106],"incorrect":[107],"conclusions.":[109],"To":[110],"address":[111],"issues,":[113],"we":[114],"propose":[115],"a":[116,172,178,187],"novel":[117,170],"framework":[119,124,185],"phenomena.":[122],"This":[123,183],"develops":[125],"an":[126],"Adaptive":[127],"Gaussian":[128],"Field":[129],"(AGF)":[130],"model":[131],"capture":[133],"lags.":[135],"It":[136],"first":[137],"extracts":[138],"association":[140,161],"patterns":[141],"geo-event":[143],"distributions,":[146],"then":[147],"infers":[148],"associations.":[153],"integration":[155],"into":[159],"both":[160],"mining":[162,175],"implemented":[167],"through":[168],"two":[169],"methods:":[171],"spatial-lagged":[173,179],"co-distribution":[174],"method":[176],"Peter-Clark":[180],"(spatial-PC)":[181],"method.":[182],"proposed":[184],"offers":[186],"robust":[188],"approach":[189],"uncovering":[191],"underlying":[193],"mechanisms":[194],"geohazards":[196],"Yunnan,":[198],"China.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-14T06:11:07.267592","created_date":"2026-04-14T00:00:00"}