{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413758818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2025.2552158","title":"Rangeland degradation and bush encroachment assessment using machine learning approaches in a semi-arid nature reserve","display_name":"Rangeland degradation and bush encroachment assessment using machine learning approaches in a semi-arid nature reserve","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413758818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2025.2552158"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/19475683.2025.2552158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2025.2552158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199948","display_name":"Annals of GIS","issn_l":"1947-5683","issn":["1947-5683","1947-5691"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of GIS","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2025.2552158","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073615452","display_name":"Simbarashe Jombo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5550-4877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131135081","display_name":"Sol Plaatje University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kn7bc28","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simbarashe Jombo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sol Plaatje University","Arid Region Water Research Centre, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sol Plaatje University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arid Region Water Research Centre, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, South Africa","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013791464","display_name":"Mohamed A. M. Abd Elbasit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4762-3355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131135081","display_name":"Sol Plaatje University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kn7bc28","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed A. M. Abd Elbasit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sol Plaatje University","Arid Region Water Research Centre, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sol Plaatje University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arid Region Water Research Centre, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, South Africa","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073615452"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"fwci":2.4593,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91123226,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"4","first_page":"607","last_page":"634"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12467","display_name":"Rangeland Management and Livestock Ecology","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12467","display_name":"Rangeland Management and Livestock Ecology","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arid","display_name":"Arid","score":0.7857567071914673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rangeland","display_name":"Rangeland","score":0.7161757946014404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degradation","display_name":"Degradation (telecommunications)","score":0.6260326504707336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nature-reserve","display_name":"Nature reserve","score":0.48443296551704407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-degradation","display_name":"Land degradation","score":0.44421157240867615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.402563214302063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agroforestry","display_name":"Agroforestry","score":0.3889554738998413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-resource-management","display_name":"Environmental resource management","score":0.3566882312297821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.32363182306289673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3122074007987976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.2096835970878601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.11157339811325073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology","display_name":"Archaeology","score":0.09093299508094788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.05415827035903931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.05265188217163086}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150772632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330709","display_name":"Arid","level":2,"score":0.7857567071914673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130989795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3364870","display_name":"Rangeland","level":2,"score":0.7161757946014404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779679103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251805","display_name":"Degradation (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.6260326504707336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53571324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179049","display_name":"Nature reserve","level":2,"score":0.48443296551704407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113052830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3497778","display_name":"Land degradation","level":3,"score":0.44421157240867615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.402563214302063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.3889554738998413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.3566882312297821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32363182306289673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3122074007987976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.2096835970878601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.11157339811325073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.09093299508094788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.05415827035903931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.05265188217163086}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/19475683.2025.2552158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2025.2552158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199948","display_name":"Annals of GIS","issn_l":"1947-5683","issn":["1947-5683","1947-5691"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of GIS","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4a038223af4248b090d80a9f05c4262e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4a038223af4248b090d80a9f05c4262e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Annals of GIS, Vol 31, Iss 4, Pp 607-634 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/19475683.2025.2552158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2025.2552158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199948","display_name":"Annals of GIS","issn_l":"1947-5683","issn":["1947-5683","1947-5691"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of GIS","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":101,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W177161738","https://openalex.org/W429766147","https://openalex.org/W1508944758","https://openalex.org/W1965825034","https://openalex.org/W1977345771","https://openalex.org/W1988999757","https://openalex.org/W1997478538","https://openalex.org/W2004001944","https://openalex.org/W2010547756","https://openalex.org/W2037979501","https://openalex.org/W2056435747","https://openalex.org/W2071389851","https://openalex.org/W2079034062","https://openalex.org/W2081334206","https://openalex.org/W2094940734","https://openalex.org/W2126646313","https://openalex.org/W2138189674","https://openalex.org/W2138973222","https://openalex.org/W2156269075","https://openalex.org/W2162037958","https://openalex.org/W2167839896","https://openalex.org/W2171390925","https://openalex.org/W2252937168","https://openalex.org/W2271110022","https://openalex.org/W2347096944","https://openalex.org/W2548720191","https://openalex.org/W2601726217","https://openalex.org/W2607038873","https://openalex.org/W2620230310","https://openalex.org/W2763350515","https://openalex.org/W2767240976","https://openalex.org/W2776146695","https://openalex.org/W2792058876","https://openalex.org/W2793587842","https://openalex.org/W2805520784","https://openalex.org/W2893214653","https://openalex.org/W2894873748","https://openalex.org/W2898325324","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2923136550","https://openalex.org/W2954810524","https://openalex.org/W2963361803","https://openalex.org/W2969375592","https://openalex.org/W2971890297","https://openalex.org/W2982182813","https://openalex.org/W3005550470","https://openalex.org/W3011281351","https://openalex.org/W3018425007","https://openalex.org/W3023126754","https://openalex.org/W3028860567","https://openalex.org/W3044639176","https://openalex.org/W3092358263","https://openalex.org/W3124539583","https://openalex.org/W3140854437","https://openalex.org/W3159216164","https://openalex.org/W3177435843","https://openalex.org/W3183838584","https://openalex.org/W3212254292","https://openalex.org/W3213836327","https://openalex.org/W4206607498","https://openalex.org/W4206800032","https://openalex.org/W4210756497","https://openalex.org/W4223918474","https://openalex.org/W4225588112","https://openalex.org/W4228996473","https://openalex.org/W4230674625","https://openalex.org/W4248804621","https://openalex.org/W4255425347","https://openalex.org/W4280559920","https://openalex.org/W4281394154","https://openalex.org/W4282980126","https://openalex.org/W4283024644","https://openalex.org/W4288885820","https://openalex.org/W4294864769","https://openalex.org/W4306760290","https://openalex.org/W4308440223","https://openalex.org/W4362558954","https://openalex.org/W4365504037","https://openalex.org/W4375857993","https://openalex.org/W4376131937","https://openalex.org/W4381954693","https://openalex.org/W4381988447","https://openalex.org/W4382361932","https://openalex.org/W4383262716","https://openalex.org/W4385383530","https://openalex.org/W4387242296","https://openalex.org/W4387911428","https://openalex.org/W4388229648","https://openalex.org/W4388557059","https://openalex.org/W4388769676","https://openalex.org/W4388904029","https://openalex.org/W4391722542","https://openalex.org/W4393125960","https://openalex.org/W4400586488","https://openalex.org/W4402199582","https://openalex.org/W4403814006","https://openalex.org/W4406632358","https://openalex.org/W4407398035","https://openalex.org/W4408594757","https://openalex.org/W4409150147","https://openalex.org/W4411392672"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2613049782","https://openalex.org/W3033751289","https://openalex.org/W134182247","https://openalex.org/W2077489539","https://openalex.org/W4253324350","https://openalex.org/W2089097942","https://openalex.org/W1976950254","https://openalex.org/W4306760290","https://openalex.org/W2895051396","https://openalex.org/W4387631523"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rangeland":[0],"degradation":[1,33,338],"and":[2,18,56,75,105,119,146,172,190,214,231,239,297,329,343,392,401],"bush":[3,54,267,308,355],"encroachment":[4,55,268],"pose":[5],"a":[6,138,202,304],"major":[7,21],"risk":[8],"to":[9,89,133,144,155,217,236,259,282,317,332,335,339,381],"food":[10],"security,":[11],"the":[12,27,62,126,157,164,196,219,225,228,247,251,270,290,341,378,382,390],"preservation":[13],"of":[14,29,64,93,103,159,166,184,221,233,272,346,377,385,394,404],"biodiversity,":[15],"ecosystem":[16],"services,":[17],"livelihoods.":[19],"A":[20],"challenge":[22],"in":[23,34,45,80,266,299,307,352,371],"semi-arid":[24],"regions":[25],"is":[26,322],"dearth":[28],"information":[30,321],"showing":[31],"land":[32,40,337],"nature":[35],"reserves.":[36],"This":[37,59,357],"study":[38,60,153,200,226,287,358,379],"examines":[39],"cover/land":[41],"use":[42],"(LCLU)":[43],"changes":[44],"Mokala":[46],"National":[47],"Park":[48],"(MoNP),":[49],"South":[50],"Africa,":[51],"focusing":[52],"on":[53,98],"rangeland":[57],"degradation.":[58],"evaluates":[61],"performance":[63,220],"three":[65],"machine":[66,78,168,365],"learning":[67,169,366],"algorithms":[68,95,112,235,367],"(k-nearest":[69],"neighbour":[70],"(kNN),":[71],"random":[72],"forest":[73],"(RF),":[74],"support":[76],"vector":[77],"(SVM))":[79],"classifying":[81],"LCLU":[82,160,176,369,405],"using":[83],"Landsat":[84,197],"satellite":[85,127,188],"imageries":[86],"from":[87,131,195,257,278,315,354],"1988":[88,132,316],"2023.":[90,134,318],"The":[91,152,199,243,286,375],"selection":[92],"these":[94,167,234],"was":[96],"based":[97],"their":[99,116],"proven":[100],"track":[101],"record":[102],"robustness":[104],"consistency":[106],"over":[107],"extensive":[108],"temporal":[109,229],"datasets.":[110],"These":[111],"were":[113,178],"chosen":[114],"for":[115,124,141,175,324,362,368],"computational":[117],"efficiency":[118],"interpretability,":[120],"making":[121],"them":[122],"suitable":[123],"handling":[125],"imagery":[128,189],"data":[129],"spanning":[130],"Additionally,":[135,224],"they":[136],"provide":[137],"reliable":[139],"baseline":[140],"future":[142,399],"research":[143,400],"compare":[145],"benchmark":[147],"against":[148],"more":[149],"advanced":[150],"methods.":[151],"aims":[154],"improve":[156],"accuracy":[158,216,254],"classification":[161,177,370],"by":[162,388],"comparing":[163],"effectiveness":[165],"algorithms.":[170],"Training":[171],"testing":[173],"samples":[174],"collected":[179],"through":[180],"expert":[181],"visual":[182],"interpretation":[183],"historical":[185],"Google":[186],"Earth":[187,386],"corresponding":[191],"high-resolution":[192],"panchromatic":[193],"images":[194,262],"series.":[198],"implemented":[201],"comprehensive":[203],"evaluation":[204],"framework,":[205],"incorporating":[206],"metrics":[207],"such":[208],"as":[209],"overall":[210,253],"accuracy,":[211,300],"kappa":[212],"coefficient,":[213],"class-specific":[215],"assess":[218],"each":[222,395],"algorithm.":[223],"analysed":[227],"stability":[230],"adaptability":[232],"different":[237],"periods":[238],"varying":[240],"landscape":[241],"dynamics.":[242],"results":[244],"show":[245,263],"that":[246,289,349],"RF":[248,291],"algorithm":[249,292],"has":[250],"highest":[252],"values,":[255],"ranging":[256],"85%":[258],"95%.":[260],"Satellite":[261],"an":[264],"increase":[265,306],"at":[269],"expense":[271],"grasslands,":[273],"with":[274,310],"woody":[275,311],"plants":[276,312],"increasing":[277,313],"4786":[279],"ha":[280,284],"(1988)":[281],"15,256":[283],"(2023).":[285],"demonstrates":[288],"significantly":[293],"outperformed":[294],"both":[295],"kNN":[296],"SVM":[298],"while":[301],"also":[302],"highlighting":[303,389],"notable":[305],"encroachment,":[309],"substantially":[314],"Overall,":[319],"this":[320],"important":[323],"park":[325],"officials,":[326],"conservation":[327],"planners,":[328],"other":[330],"stakeholders":[331],"develop":[333],"ways":[334],"address":[336],"protect":[340],"resilience":[342],"ecological":[344],"balance":[345],"arid":[347],"areas":[348],"are":[350],"increasingly":[351],"danger":[353],"encroachment.":[356],"provides":[359],"valuable":[360],"guidance":[361],"selecting":[363],"appropriate":[364],"remote":[372],"sensing":[373],"applications.":[374],"conclusions":[376],"contribute":[380],"broader":[383],"field":[384],"observation":[387],"strengths":[391],"limitations":[393],"algorithm,":[396],"thus":[397],"informing":[398],"practical":[402],"implementations":[403],"analysis.":[406]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-27T16:54:17.756197","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
