{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2980421096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2019.1679882","title":"Predicting the spatiotemporal legality of on-street parking using open data and machine learning","display_name":"Predicting the spatiotemporal legality of on-street parking using open data and machine learning","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2980421096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2019.1679882","mag":"2980421096"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/19475683.2019.1679882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2019.1679882","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19475683.2019.1679882?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199948","display_name":"Annals of GIS","issn_l":"1082-4006","issn":["1082-4006","1947-5683","1947-5691","2374-9318"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of GIS","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19475683.2019.1679882?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101938899","display_name":"Song Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4359-6302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Song Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geospatial Data Science Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4359-6302","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geospatial Data Science Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101583267","display_name":"Mingxiao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0779-4432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160793","display_name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04t1cdb72","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingxiao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geospatial Data Science Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, USA","Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Pace Suburban Bus, Chicago, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geospatial Data Science Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pace Suburban Bus, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067113270","display_name":"Yunlei Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5878-1386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunlei Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geospatial Data Science Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geospatial Data Science Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002625728","display_name":"Joseph Marks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9644-2967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Marks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geospatial Data Science Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geospatial Data Science Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067122850","display_name":"Yuhao Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3810-9450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhao Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geospatial Data Science Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3810-9450","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geospatial Data Science Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019959137","display_name":"Moying Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5960-9350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160793","display_name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04t1cdb72","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moying Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geospatial Data Science Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, USA","Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Pace Suburban Bus, Chicago, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geospatial Data Science Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pace Suburban Bus, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101938899"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"fwci":2.5659,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88442626,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"4","first_page":"299","last_page":"312"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9686999917030334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principle-of-legality","display_name":"Principle of legality","score":0.7367663979530334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metropolitan-area","display_name":"Metropolitan area","score":0.6145647764205933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downtown","display_name":"Downtown","score":0.6038923859596252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parking-guidance-and-information","display_name":"Parking guidance and information","score":0.5807034373283386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ticket","display_name":"Ticket","score":0.5196074843406677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.5139762759208679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5030640959739685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.385678768157959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32362931966781616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16542330384254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.15526551008224487}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42027317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2307054","display_name":"Principle of legality","level":2,"score":0.7367663979530334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.6145647764205933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776556313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050303","display_name":"Downtown","level":2,"score":0.6038923859596252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14353550","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386125","display_name":"Parking guidance and information","level":2,"score":0.5807034373283386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776540713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7800647","display_name":"Ticket","level":2,"score":0.5196074843406677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.5139762759208679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5030640959739685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.385678768157959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32362931966781616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16542330384254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.15526551008224487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/19475683.2019.1679882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2019.1679882","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19475683.2019.1679882?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199948","display_name":"Annals of GIS","issn_l":"1082-4006","issn":["1082-4006","1947-5683","1947-5691","2374-9318"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of GIS","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/19475683.2019.1679882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2019.1679882","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19475683.2019.1679882?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199948","display_name":"Annals of GIS","issn_l":"1082-4006","issn":["1082-4006","1947-5683","1947-5691","2374-9318"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of GIS","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W181107242","https://openalex.org/W1490308602","https://openalex.org/W1508065755","https://openalex.org/W1605592858","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1966431672","https://openalex.org/W1973749534","https://openalex.org/W1976526581","https://openalex.org/W1995085137","https://openalex.org/W1997624060","https://openalex.org/W2009190245","https://openalex.org/W2018847157","https://openalex.org/W2026169687","https://openalex.org/W2046951662","https://openalex.org/W2051265785","https://openalex.org/W2068041102","https://openalex.org/W2091453093","https://openalex.org/W2091825929","https://openalex.org/W2093836557","https://openalex.org/W2119169789","https://openalex.org/W2122046168","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2131568871","https://openalex.org/W2141963143","https://openalex.org/W2149706766","https://openalex.org/W2172246201","https://openalex.org/W2181250826","https://openalex.org/W2278830514","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2487968980","https://openalex.org/W2552550360","https://openalex.org/W2557283755","https://openalex.org/W2577343007","https://openalex.org/W2604939319","https://openalex.org/W2783055621","https://openalex.org/W2792166181","https://openalex.org/W2792244604","https://openalex.org/W2800705832","https://openalex.org/W2891066263","https://openalex.org/W2896775444","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2946641647","https://openalex.org/W3023317352","https://openalex.org/W3023520985","https://openalex.org/W3102476541","https://openalex.org/W3159649695","https://openalex.org/W4236137412","https://openalex.org/W4238128010","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4248244019","https://openalex.org/W4252536148","https://openalex.org/W4254803082","https://openalex.org/W4255849866","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3122346207","https://openalex.org/W4280488862","https://openalex.org/W2361823710","https://openalex.org/W2382763736","https://openalex.org/W2110046090","https://openalex.org/W197991900","https://openalex.org/W641840799","https://openalex.org/W1140734828","https://openalex.org/W636638626","https://openalex.org/W587109548"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Searching":[0],"for":[1,67,135,145],"a":[2,9,28,64],"parking":[3,25,33,39,46,56,76,80,180],"spot":[4],"in":[5,13,116],"metropolitan":[6],"areas":[7,16],"is":[8,26],"great":[10],"challenge,":[11],"especially":[12],"highly":[14],"populated":[15],"such":[17,35,161],"as":[18,36,162],"downtown":[19],"districts":[20],"and":[21,38,44,69,89,105,139,170],"job":[22],"centres.":[23],"On-street":[24],"often":[27],"cost-effective":[29],"choice":[30],"compared":[31],"to":[32,109],"facilities":[34],"garages":[37],"lots.":[40],"However,":[41],"limited":[42],"space":[43],"complex":[45],"regulation":[47],"rules":[48],"make":[49],"the":[50,71,78,111,128,131,141,177],"search":[51],"process":[52],"of":[53,74,85,96,113,159,179],"on-street":[54,75],"legal":[55],"very":[57],"difficult.":[58],"To":[59],"this":[60],"end,":[61],"we":[62],"propose":[63],"data-driven":[65],"framework":[66],"understanding":[68],"predicting":[70,136],"spatiotemporal":[72,146],"legality":[73,147],"using":[77],"NYC":[79],"tickets":[81],"open":[82],"data,":[83],"points":[84],"interest":[86],"(POI)":[87],"data":[88],"human":[90],"mobility":[91],"data.":[92],"Four":[93],"popular":[94],"types":[95],"spatial":[97,114,152],"analysis":[98,153],"units":[99],"(i.e.":[100],"point,":[101],"street,":[102],"census":[103],"tract,":[104],"grid)":[106],"are":[107,173],"used":[108],"examine":[110],"effects":[112],"scale":[115],"machine":[117],"learning":[118],"predictive":[119],"models.":[120],"The":[121],"results":[122],"show":[123],"that":[124],"random":[125],"forest":[126],"works":[127],"best":[129],"with":[130,140,164,176],"minimum":[132],"root-mean-square-error":[133],"(RMSE)":[134],"ticket":[137],"counts":[138],"highest":[142],"accuracy":[143],"scores":[144],"classification":[148],"across":[149],"all":[150],"four":[151],"scales.":[154],"Moreover,":[155],"several":[156],"prominent":[157],"categories":[158],"places":[160],"those":[163],"retail":[165],"stores,":[166],"health-care":[167],"services,":[168],"accommodation":[169],"food":[171],"services":[172],"positively":[174],"associated":[175],"number":[178],"violation":[181],"tickets.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
