{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417152680","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2597065","title":"Land cover mapping of China based on an improved bi-temporal comprehensive change detection method from Landsat MSS observations","display_name":"Land cover mapping of China based on an improved bi-temporal comprehensive change detection method from Landsat MSS observations","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417152680","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2597065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2597065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2597065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2597065","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109301611","display_name":"Weiming Ai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096250","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Big Data Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00s1sz824","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I37796252","https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166070","display_name":"Geomatics (Norway)","ror":"https://ror.org/05vtg7207","country_code":"NO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166070"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405265946","display_name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","ror":"https://ror.org/027n0k361","country_code":"CN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4405265946"]}],"countries":["CN","NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weitao Ai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology","International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China","International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473","https://openalex.org/I4210166070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405265946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096250","https://openalex.org/I4405265946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014875315","display_name":"Xiao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5026-8692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096250","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Big Data Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00s1sz824","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I37796252","https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405265946","display_name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","ror":"https://ror.org/027n0k361","country_code":"CN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4405265946"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405265946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096250","https://openalex.org/I4405265946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042080482","display_name":"Ming Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4823-6894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096250","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Big Data Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00s1sz824","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I37796252","https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166070","display_name":"Geomatics (Norway)","ror":"https://ror.org/05vtg7207","country_code":"NO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166070"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405265946","display_name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","ror":"https://ror.org/027n0k361","country_code":"CN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4405265946"]}],"countries":["CN","NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology","International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China","College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473","https://openalex.org/I4210166070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405265946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096250","https://openalex.org/I4405265946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073608789","display_name":"Fuquan Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1057-8175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166070","display_name":"Geomatics (Norway)","ror":"https://ror.org/05vtg7207","country_code":"NO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166070"]}],"countries":["CN","NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuquan Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology","College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473","https://openalex.org/I4210166070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113357363","display_name":"Zhehua Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1003-2512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096250","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Big Data Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00s1sz824","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I37796252","https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405265946","display_name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","ror":"https://ror.org/027n0k361","country_code":"CN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4405265946"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhehua Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China","School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405265946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096250","https://openalex.org/I4405265946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101981901","display_name":"Tingting Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1820-7072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096250","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Big Data Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00s1sz824","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I37796252","https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405265946","display_name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","ror":"https://ror.org/027n0k361","country_code":"CN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4405265946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingting Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University","School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405265946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096250","https://openalex.org/I4405265946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107837534","display_name":"Liangyun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7987-037X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096250","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Big Data Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00s1sz824","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I37796252","https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405265946","display_name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","ror":"https://ror.org/027n0k361","country_code":"CN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4405265946"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangyun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China","School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405265946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096250","https://openalex.org/I4405265946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014875315"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210096250","https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I4405265946"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30556162,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.7498999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.7498999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.22139999270439148,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.7261999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6438999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.6241000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-relationship","display_name":"Spurious relationship","score":0.5841000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.554099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.4675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4390000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.7261999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6563000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6438999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.6241000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.5841000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.554099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.4675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4352000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.39750000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.3840999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.35030001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780408538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3615217","display_name":"Ancillary data","level":2,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986088632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4259364","display_name":"Forest cover","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985301230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite image","level":3,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2597065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2597065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.30833987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal contribution"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b0f3c132a8154553b6a388c91396f048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b0f3c132a8154553b6a388c91396f048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth, Vol 18, Iss 2 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2597065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2597065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G442626625","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB3907403","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1565635109","https://openalex.org/W1580493526","https://openalex.org/W1841922961","https://openalex.org/W1969589719","https://openalex.org/W1990269578","https://openalex.org/W1990653740","https://openalex.org/W1998595580","https://openalex.org/W1998979050","https://openalex.org/W2006558669","https://openalex.org/W2006929658","https://openalex.org/W2030257787","https://openalex.org/W2055718260","https://openalex.org/W2077202991","https://openalex.org/W2102944224","https://openalex.org/W2105770001","https://openalex.org/W2106870620","https://openalex.org/W2132108972","https://openalex.org/W2161570034","https://openalex.org/W2234018419","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2296116597","https://openalex.org/W2553544826","https://openalex.org/W2606635696","https://openalex.org/W2725897987","https://openalex.org/W2735042947","https://openalex.org/W2792173071","https://openalex.org/W2800329949","https://openalex.org/W2885696803","https://openalex.org/W2920254659","https://openalex.org/W2979631444","https://openalex.org/W2984033187","https://openalex.org/W3002608077","https://openalex.org/W3090679658","https://openalex.org/W3134910218","https://openalex.org/W3145752794","https://openalex.org/W3166562067","https://openalex.org/W3188524028","https://openalex.org/W3210405346","https://openalex.org/W4226441847","https://openalex.org/W4283689243","https://openalex.org/W4316810602","https://openalex.org/W4318483730","https://openalex.org/W4319844545","https://openalex.org/W4367183703","https://openalex.org/W4378902255","https://openalex.org/W4383262716","https://openalex.org/W4383369073","https://openalex.org/W4385655182","https://openalex.org/W4390344318","https://openalex.org/W4392872715","https://openalex.org/W4396888734","https://openalex.org/W4400458831","https://openalex.org/W4401403608","https://openalex.org/W4403389895","https://openalex.org/W4406457907","https://openalex.org/W4407027175","https://openalex.org/W4407966183","https://openalex.org/W4409503438","https://openalex.org/W4409868878","https://openalex.org/W4411203468","https://openalex.org/W4412162266","https://openalex.org/W4413403488","https://openalex.org/W6893107448","https://openalex.org/W6949919423"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"limited":[1],"availability":[2],"of":[3,10,134,165,174],"satellite":[4,198],"data":[5],"during":[6,195],"the":[7,51,60,77,119,181,196],"early":[8,78,197],"period":[9],"satellite-based":[11],"land":[12,18,35,141,192],"cover":[13,19,36,142,193],"mapping,":[14],"has":[15],"led":[16],"to":[17,69,91,99,110],"datasets":[20],"from":[21,85],"before":[22],"1985":[23],"being":[24],"scarce.":[25],"In":[26],"this":[27],"study,":[28],"we":[29],"developed":[30],"a":[31,39,93,162],"novel":[32],"60":[33],"m":[34],"dataset":[37,121],"with":[38,105,161],"fine":[40],"classification":[41],"system":[42],"for":[43,151,190],"China":[44,145],"in":[45,76,144,169,178],"1980,":[46],"termed":[47],"CLC_FCS60_1980,":[48],"based":[49],"on":[50],"improved":[52,65],"bi\u2010temporal":[53],"Comprehensive":[54],"Change":[55],"Detection":[56],"Method":[57],"(CCDM)":[58],"and":[59,73,89,116,148,157,171,187],"GLC_FCS30D":[61],"product.":[62],"First,":[63],"an":[64,130,172,185],"CCDM":[66],"was":[67,122],"proposed":[68,182],"identify":[70],"temporally":[71,86],"stable":[72,87],"changed":[74,101],"pixels":[75,88,102],"1980s.":[79],"Subsequently,":[80],"high-confidence":[81],"samples":[82],"were":[83],"obtained":[84],"used":[90],"train":[92],"local":[94],"adaptive":[95],"random":[96],"forest":[97,155,170],"classifier":[98],"classify":[100],"by":[103],"tile,":[104],"post-classification":[106],"processing":[107],"rules":[108],"applied":[109],"mitigate":[111],"spurious":[112],"changes":[113,143],"between":[114,146],"1980":[115,147],"1985.":[117],"Finally,":[118],"CLC_FCS60_1980":[120],"validated":[123],"using":[124],"6,550":[125],"ground":[126],"truth":[127],"points,":[128],"achieving":[129],"overall":[131],"accuracy":[132],"(OA)":[133],"85.56%":[135],"(\u00b10.87%).":[136],"Statistical":[137],"analysis":[138],"identified":[139],"minimal":[140],"1985,":[149],"accounting":[150],"only":[152],"0.82%.":[153],"Specifically,":[154],"loss":[156],"cropland":[158],"gain":[159],"dominated,":[160],"net":[163],"decrease":[164],"32,100":[166],"km2":[167,176],"(\u22121.32%)":[168],"increase":[173],"30,500":[175],"(+1.64%)":[177],"cropland.":[179],"Hence,":[180],"method":[183],"provides":[184],"efficient":[186],"practical":[188],"solution":[189],"national-scale":[191],"mapping":[194],"era.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-20T07:56:41.581041","created_date":"2025-12-09T00:00:00"}
