{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417152680","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2597065","title":"Land cover mapping of China based on an improved bi-temporal comprehensive change detection method from Landsat MSS observations","display_name":"Land cover mapping of China based on an improved bi-temporal comprehensive change detection method from Landsat MSS observations","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417152680","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2597065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2597065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2597065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2597065","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109301611","display_name":"Weiming Ai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166070","display_name":"Geomatics (Norway)","ror":"https://ror.org/05vtg7207","country_code":"NO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166070"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096250","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Big Data Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00s1sz824","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I37796252","https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}],"countries":["CN","NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weitao Ai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology","International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China","College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473","https://openalex.org/I4210166070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014875315","display_name":"Xiao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5026-8692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096250","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Big Data Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00s1sz824","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I37796252","https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042080482","display_name":"Ming Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4823-6894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096250","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Big Data Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00s1sz824","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I37796252","https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166070","display_name":"Geomatics (Norway)","ror":"https://ror.org/05vtg7207","country_code":"NO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166070"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}],"countries":["CN","NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology","International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China","College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473","https://openalex.org/I4210166070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073608789","display_name":"Fuquan Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1057-8175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166070","display_name":"Geomatics (Norway)","ror":"https://ror.org/05vtg7207","country_code":"NO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166070"]}],"countries":["CN","NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuquan Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology","College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473","https://openalex.org/I4210166070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113357363","display_name":"Zhehua Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1003-2512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096250","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Big Data Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00s1sz824","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I37796252","https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhehua Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China","School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101981901","display_name":"Tingting Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1820-7072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096250","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Big Data Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00s1sz824","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I37796252","https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingting Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China","International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107837534","display_name":"Liangyun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7987-037X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096250","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Big Data Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00s1sz824","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I37796252","https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangyun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China","School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014875315"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210096250","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37855633,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.7498999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.7498999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.22139999270439148,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.7261999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6438999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.6241000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-relationship","display_name":"Spurious relationship","score":0.5841000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.554099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.4675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4390000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.7261999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6563000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6438999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.6241000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.5841000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.554099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.4675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4352000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.39750000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.3840999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.35030001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780408538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3615217","display_name":"Ancillary data","level":2,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986088632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4259364","display_name":"Forest cover","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985301230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite image","level":3,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2597065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2597065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.30833987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal contribution"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b0f3c132a8154553b6a388c91396f048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b0f3c132a8154553b6a388c91396f048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth, Vol 18, Iss 2 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2597065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2597065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1565635109","https://openalex.org/W1580493526","https://openalex.org/W1841922961","https://openalex.org/W1969589719","https://openalex.org/W1990269578","https://openalex.org/W1990653740","https://openalex.org/W1998595580","https://openalex.org/W1998979050","https://openalex.org/W2006558669","https://openalex.org/W2006929658","https://openalex.org/W2030257787","https://openalex.org/W2055718260","https://openalex.org/W2077202991","https://openalex.org/W2102944224","https://openalex.org/W2105770001","https://openalex.org/W2106870620","https://openalex.org/W2132108972","https://openalex.org/W2161570034","https://openalex.org/W2234018419","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2296116597","https://openalex.org/W2553544826","https://openalex.org/W2606635696","https://openalex.org/W2725897987","https://openalex.org/W2735042947","https://openalex.org/W2792173071","https://openalex.org/W2800329949","https://openalex.org/W2885696803","https://openalex.org/W2920254659","https://openalex.org/W2979631444","https://openalex.org/W2984033187","https://openalex.org/W3002608077","https://openalex.org/W3090679658","https://openalex.org/W3134910218","https://openalex.org/W3145752794","https://openalex.org/W3166562067","https://openalex.org/W3188524028","https://openalex.org/W3210405346","https://openalex.org/W4226441847","https://openalex.org/W4283689243","https://openalex.org/W4316810602","https://openalex.org/W4318483730","https://openalex.org/W4319844545","https://openalex.org/W4367183703","https://openalex.org/W4378902255","https://openalex.org/W4383262716","https://openalex.org/W4383369073","https://openalex.org/W4385655182","https://openalex.org/W4390344318","https://openalex.org/W4392872715","https://openalex.org/W4396888734","https://openalex.org/W4400458831","https://openalex.org/W4401403608","https://openalex.org/W4403389895","https://openalex.org/W4406457907","https://openalex.org/W4407027175","https://openalex.org/W4407966183","https://openalex.org/W4409503438","https://openalex.org/W4409868878","https://openalex.org/W4411203468","https://openalex.org/W4412162266","https://openalex.org/W4413403488","https://openalex.org/W6893107448","https://openalex.org/W6949919423"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"limited":[1],"availability":[2],"of":[3,10,134,165,174],"satellite":[4,198],"data":[5],"during":[6,195],"the":[7,51,60,77,119,181,196],"early":[8,78,197],"period":[9],"satellite-based":[11],"land":[12,18,35,141,192],"cover":[13,19,36,142,193],"mapping,":[14],"has":[15],"led":[16],"to":[17,69,91,99,110],"datasets":[20],"from":[21,85],"before":[22],"1985":[23],"being":[24],"scarce.":[25],"In":[26],"this":[27],"study,":[28],"we":[29],"developed":[30],"a":[31,39,93,162],"novel":[32],"60":[33],"m":[34],"dataset":[37,121],"with":[38,105,161],"fine":[40],"classification":[41],"system":[42],"for":[43,151,190],"China":[44,145],"in":[45,76,144,169,178],"1980,":[46],"termed":[47],"CLC_FCS60_1980,":[48],"based":[49],"on":[50],"improved":[52,65],"bi\u2010temporal":[53],"Comprehensive":[54],"Change":[55],"Detection":[56],"Method":[57],"(CCDM)":[58],"and":[59,73,89,116,148,157,171,187],"GLC_FCS30D":[61],"product.":[62],"First,":[63],"an":[64,130,172,185],"CCDM":[66],"was":[67,122],"proposed":[68,182],"identify":[70],"temporally":[71,86],"stable":[72,87],"changed":[74,101],"pixels":[75,88,102],"1980s.":[79],"Subsequently,":[80],"high-confidence":[81],"samples":[82],"were":[83],"obtained":[84],"used":[90],"train":[92],"local":[94],"adaptive":[95],"random":[96],"forest":[97,155,170],"classifier":[98],"classify":[100],"by":[103],"tile,":[104],"post-classification":[106],"processing":[107],"rules":[108],"applied":[109],"mitigate":[111],"spurious":[112],"changes":[113,143],"between":[114,146],"1980":[115,147],"1985.":[117],"Finally,":[118],"CLC_FCS60_1980":[120],"validated":[123],"using":[124],"6,550":[125],"ground":[126],"truth":[127],"points,":[128],"achieving":[129],"overall":[131],"accuracy":[132],"(OA)":[133],"85.56%":[135],"(\u00b10.87%).":[136],"Statistical":[137],"analysis":[138],"identified":[139],"minimal":[140],"1985,":[149],"accounting":[150],"only":[152],"0.82%.":[153],"Specifically,":[154],"loss":[156],"cropland":[158],"gain":[159],"dominated,":[160],"net":[163],"decrease":[164],"32,100":[166],"km2":[167,176],"(\u22121.32%)":[168],"increase":[173],"30,500":[175],"(+1.64%)":[177],"cropland.":[179],"Hence,":[180],"method":[183],"provides":[184],"efficient":[186],"practical":[188],"solution":[189],"national-scale":[191],"mapping":[194],"era.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-12-09T00:00:00"}
