{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417078149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2594247","title":"Deep learning for multi-source precipitation fusion on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau","display_name":"Deep learning for multi-source precipitation fusion on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417078149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2594247"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2594247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2594247","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2025.2594247?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2025.2594247?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034401294","display_name":"Wenjuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1105-6214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292020679","display_name":"Institute on Governance","ror":"https://ror.org/00ppf7x29","country_code":"CA","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292020679"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CA","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Normal University","State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Hazards Risk Governance, Faculty of Geographical Science"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Hazards Risk Governance, Faculty of Geographical Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292020679"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044978206","display_name":"Zhenhua Di","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0188-0479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292020679","display_name":"Institute on Governance","ror":"https://ror.org/00ppf7x29","country_code":"CA","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292020679"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CA","CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhua Di","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Normal University","State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Hazards Risk Governance, Faculty of Geographical Science"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Hazards Risk Governance, Faculty of Geographical Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292020679"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044978206"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292020679","https://openalex.org/I25254941"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"fwci":0.9296,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79063811,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9646999835968018,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9646999835968018,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.00989999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"Precipitation","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plateau","display_name":"Plateau (mathematics)","score":0.5950999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5896999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5630999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.531499981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rain-gauge","display_name":"Rain gauge","score":0.4683000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation-coefficient","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","score":0.44929999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4361000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-cycle","display_name":"Water cycle","score":0.41659998893737793}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780030769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4968575","display_name":"Plateau (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5950999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5896999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5630999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.531499981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4875999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120961793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190052","display_name":"Rain gauge","level":3,"score":0.4683000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.44929999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4361000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4219000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133830359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81041","display_name":"Water cycle","level":2,"score":0.41659998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.4081000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.39820000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.36239999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35659998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75398719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268938","display_name":"Quantitative precipitation estimation","level":3,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158709400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586","display_name":"Spatial ecology","level":2,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140178040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18402512","display_name":"Quantitative precipitation forecast","level":3,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777489503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698936","display_name":"Temporal scales","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40976572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2330873","display_name":"Gauge (firearms)","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2594247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2594247","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2025.2594247?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1bc5bda70b7b4c14960c39a5dbb6f7bb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1bc5bda70b7b4c14960c39a5dbb6f7bb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth, Vol 18, Iss 2 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2594247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2594247","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2025.2594247?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1429044903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42275021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2334145603","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024YFF0809301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5150283662","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024YFF0809301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335774","funder_display_name":"Key Technologies Research and Development Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335774","display_name":"Key Technologies Research and Development Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417078149.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417078149.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964264838","https://openalex.org/W1974038018","https://openalex.org/W1975786666","https://openalex.org/W1976984800","https://openalex.org/W1983745221","https://openalex.org/W1989120577","https://openalex.org/W1995622703","https://openalex.org/W2030716213","https://openalex.org/W2060172488","https://openalex.org/W2073298425","https://openalex.org/W2085585287","https://openalex.org/W2095133446","https://openalex.org/W2121745948","https://openalex.org/W2160097385","https://openalex.org/W2165242200","https://openalex.org/W2170280355","https://openalex.org/W2560640726","https://openalex.org/W2751992959","https://openalex.org/W2771590586","https://openalex.org/W2773928770","https://openalex.org/W2789329162","https://openalex.org/W2793688946","https://openalex.org/W2801238510","https://openalex.org/W2922950277","https://openalex.org/W2994680372","https://openalex.org/W3005197680","https://openalex.org/W3005813145","https://openalex.org/W3008241583","https://openalex.org/W3016242410","https://openalex.org/W3036238619","https://openalex.org/W3096283719","https://openalex.org/W3111641050","https://openalex.org/W3119095696","https://openalex.org/W3136179920","https://openalex.org/W3141116480","https://openalex.org/W3154980585","https://openalex.org/W3180255423","https://openalex.org/W3184460615","https://openalex.org/W4200129483","https://openalex.org/W4221103682","https://openalex.org/W4242180866","https://openalex.org/W4280582725","https://openalex.org/W4312067350","https://openalex.org/W4319598688","https://openalex.org/W4323925183","https://openalex.org/W4380877713","https://openalex.org/W4384895629","https://openalex.org/W4386121744","https://openalex.org/W4388730233","https://openalex.org/W4390636652","https://openalex.org/W4401856272","https://openalex.org/W4409191728","https://openalex.org/W4409353764","https://openalex.org/W4412162266"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"precipitation":[1,100,167,177],"estimation":[2],"remains":[3],"a":[4,31,112],"considerable":[5],"challenge":[6],"across":[7,83,139,175],"the":[8,14,22,72,84,122,153,160,189,192,196],"Qinghai\u2013Tibet":[9],"Plateau":[10],"(QTP).":[11],"By":[12],"integrating":[13],"strengths":[15],"of":[16,25,109,118,156,191],"in":[17,61,130,159,195],"situ":[18,62],"gauge":[19,81],"accuracy":[20],"and":[21,43,60,97,111,146,162,182],"spatiotemporal":[23,34],"continuity":[24],"gridded":[26,99],"products,":[27],"this":[28],"study":[29],"developed":[30],"highly":[32],"accurate":[33],"deep":[35],"fusion":[36,95],"model":[37,89],"using":[38],"Convolutional":[39],"Neural":[40],"Networks":[41],"(CNN)":[42],"long":[44],"short-term":[45],"memory":[46],"(LSTM)":[47],"networks":[48],"(CNN-LSTM)":[49],"to":[50],"combine":[51],"remote":[52],"sensing":[53],"estimates":[54],"(TRMM-3B42V7,":[55],"IMERG-FinalV06),":[56],"reanalysis":[57],"products":[58],"(ERA5-Land),":[59],"rain":[63,80],"gauges.":[64],"The":[65],"CNN":[66],"handles":[67],"spatial":[68],"feature":[69],"extraction,":[70],"whereas":[71],"LSTM":[73],"captures":[74],"temporal":[75],"dependencies.":[76],"Evaluations":[77],"at":[78,121,152],"104":[79],"stations":[82],"QTP":[85],"demonstrated":[86],"that":[87],"CNN-LSTM":[88],"significantly":[90],"outperforms":[91],"both":[92],"traditional":[93],"ANN/CNN":[94],"models":[96],"individual":[98],"products.":[101],"It":[102],"achieved":[103],"an":[104],"overall":[105],"correlation":[106],"coefficient":[107],"(CC)":[108],"0.61":[110],"root":[113],"mean":[114],"square":[115],"error":[116],"(RMSE)":[117],"2.73":[119],"mm/d":[120],"daily":[123],"scale.":[124],"Furthermore,":[125],"its":[126],"advantages":[127],"are":[128],"manifested":[129],"three":[131],"key":[132],"aspects:":[133],"temporally,":[134],"it":[135,149,170],"consistently":[136],"performs":[137,150],"best":[138],"multiple":[140],"time":[141],"scales":[142],"(daily,":[143],"monthly,":[144],"seasonal,":[145],"annual);":[147],"spatially,":[148],"better":[151],"vast":[154],"majority":[155],"stations,":[157],"particularly":[158,179],"southeastern":[161],"southern":[163],"regions":[164],"with":[165],"complex":[166],"gradients;":[168],"additionally,":[169],"demonstrates":[171],"superior":[172],"detection":[173],"performance":[174],"all":[176],"intensities,":[178],"for":[180],"heavy":[181],"torrential":[183],"rainfall":[184],"events.":[185],"This":[186],"result":[187],"enhance":[188],"understanding":[190],"water":[193],"cycle":[194],"QTP.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-15T08:34:33.830935","created_date":"2025-12-06T00:00:00"}