{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416910172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2591515","title":"Enhanced remote sensing framework for early detection and quantification of underground spontaneous combustion in reclaimed coal waste dumps","display_name":"Enhanced remote sensing framework for early detection and quantification of underground spontaneous combustion in reclaimed coal waste dumps","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416910172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2591515"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2591515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2591515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2591515","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055531933","display_name":"Lifan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8166-9173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320913470","display_name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation","ror":"https://ror.org/02e957z30","country_code":"EG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320913470"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lifan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1320913470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051103061","display_name":"Yanling Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6701-754X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320913470","display_name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation","ror":"https://ror.org/02e957z30","country_code":"EG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320913470"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanling Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1320913470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026895527","display_name":"Mohammadmehdi Saberioon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1627-4957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152878","display_name":"GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8jg394","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I4210152878"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammadmehdi Saberioon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152878"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037183880","display_name":"Sibylle Itzerott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4879-8838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152878","display_name":"GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8jg394","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I4210152878"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sibylle Itzerott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152878"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033099601","display_name":"Anna Abramowicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8259-6033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163714","display_name":"Department of Earth Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0554h7e84","country_code":"RU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210163714"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I864159182","display_name":"University of Silesia in Katowice","ror":"https://ror.org/0104rcc94","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I864159182"]}],"countries":["PL","RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna K. Abramowicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I864159182","https://openalex.org/I4210163714"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018746149","display_name":"Tingting He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6889-3333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162376","display_name":"Advanced Laser Technology (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05269ja13","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162376"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingting He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Laser Technology Laboratoryof Anhui Province"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Laser Technology Laboratoryof Anhui Province","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162376"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036798987","display_name":"Manchao He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3617-2707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320913470","display_name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation","ror":"https://ror.org/02e957z30","country_code":"EG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320913470"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meichen He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1320913470"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103436085","display_name":"He Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0054-1440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320913470","display_name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation","ror":"https://ror.org/02e957z30","country_code":"EG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320913470"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093349","display_name":"Jining Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00he9fz79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152878","display_name":"GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8jg394","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I4210152878"]}],"countries":["CN","DE","EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"He Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Eco-Civilization Development for Jing-Jin-Ji Megalopolis, Tianjin Normal University","Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg","Institute of Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Eco-Civilization Development for Jing-Jin-Ji Megalopolis, Tianjin Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152878"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1320913470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":6,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103436085"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1320913470","https://openalex.org/I4210093349","https://openalex.org/I4210152878"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"fwci":1.4436,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83740237,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11284","display_name":"Coal Properties and Utilization","score":0.4219000041484833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11284","display_name":"Coal Properties and Utilization","score":0.4219000041484833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":0.4023999869823456,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.023800000548362732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-reclamation","display_name":"Land reclamation","score":0.6133999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.5755000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combustion","display_name":"Combustion","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coal","display_name":"Coal","score":0.4596000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spontaneous-combustion","display_name":"Spontaneous combustion","score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.435699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensity","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","score":0.39910000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation-index","display_name":"Vegetation Index","score":0.35850000381469727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7156000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6391000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61661205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130322","display_name":"Land reclamation","level":2,"score":0.6133999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.5755000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105923489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235","display_name":"Combustion","level":2,"score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518851703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24489","display_name":"Coal","level":2,"score":0.4596000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152984320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369012","display_name":"Spontaneous combustion","level":3,"score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.435699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.39910000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780376076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1499458","display_name":"Vegetation Index","level":4,"score":0.35850000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777498119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5451640","display_name":"Fire prevention","level":2,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71907059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223323","display_name":"Root mean square","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108615695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12880211","display_name":"Coal mining","level":3,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2591515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2591515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ac96b9b4dd964d1891cb44b717f3ea02","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ac96b9b4dd964d1891cb44b717f3ea02","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth, Vol 18, Iss 2 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:gfzpublic.gfz.de:item_5037728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://gfzpublic.gfz.de/pubman/item/item_5037728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401313","display_name":"Publication Database GFZ (GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210152878","host_organization_name":"GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152878"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2591515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2591515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4764830415","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No. 42507624","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W784949838","https://openalex.org/W1029989959","https://openalex.org/W1144642047","https://openalex.org/W1733205280","https://openalex.org/W1995004125","https://openalex.org/W2000613913","https://openalex.org/W2010527224","https://openalex.org/W2018636632","https://openalex.org/W2030708171","https://openalex.org/W2046995198","https://openalex.org/W2049349440","https://openalex.org/W2052426129","https://openalex.org/W2052860321","https://openalex.org/W2055718260","https://openalex.org/W2060847699","https://openalex.org/W2080225150","https://openalex.org/W2107258091","https://openalex.org/W2109006150","https://openalex.org/W2112081648","https://openalex.org/W2113410727","https://openalex.org/W2140908571","https://openalex.org/W2159961845","https://openalex.org/W2161336494","https://openalex.org/W2170244367","https://openalex.org/W2181171301","https://openalex.org/W2233456439","https://openalex.org/W2332756708","https://openalex.org/W2409640933","https://openalex.org/W2414008060","https://openalex.org/W2510548135","https://openalex.org/W2536760076","https://openalex.org/W2594511897","https://openalex.org/W2597944323","https://openalex.org/W2606840201","https://openalex.org/W2613179521","https://openalex.org/W2754247951","https://openalex.org/W2773417829","https://openalex.org/W2773488357","https://openalex.org/W2790933702","https://openalex.org/W2807712738","https://openalex.org/W2810045919","https://openalex.org/W2888529949","https://openalex.org/W2966357580","https://openalex.org/W2981801792","https://openalex.org/W2990170559","https://openalex.org/W3005928493","https://openalex.org/W3014573661","https://openalex.org/W3083527252","https://openalex.org/W3088931712","https://openalex.org/W3091878527","https://openalex.org/W3111841131","https://openalex.org/W3114818095","https://openalex.org/W3125518537","https://openalex.org/W3128694539","https://openalex.org/W3128829940","https://openalex.org/W3131307163","https://openalex.org/W3155290558","https://openalex.org/W3162170445","https://openalex.org/W3183594393","https://openalex.org/W3184369677","https://openalex.org/W3194359418","https://openalex.org/W3215266397","https://openalex.org/W4205107685","https://openalex.org/W4224277119","https://openalex.org/W4237316134","https://openalex.org/W4283529120","https://openalex.org/W4294830370","https://openalex.org/W4310184634","https://openalex.org/W4313827656","https://openalex.org/W4361834903","https://openalex.org/W4380367794","https://openalex.org/W4381681239","https://openalex.org/W4384818298","https://openalex.org/W4387504256","https://openalex.org/W4387780745","https://openalex.org/W4406038289","https://openalex.org/W4406239189","https://openalex.org/W4408079955","https://openalex.org/W4410879520","https://openalex.org/W4411071343"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,67,129],"spontaneous":[1],"combustion":[2,20,56,86],"of":[3,19,120,127],"coal":[4],"waste":[5],"dumps":[6],"after":[7],"reclamation":[8],"presents":[9],"a":[10,92,97],"major":[11],"challenge":[12],"for":[13,24,54,69],"post-mining":[14],"ecological":[15],"restoration.":[16],"Early":[17],"detection":[18],"risk":[21],"is":[22,75,104],"essential":[23],"effective":[25],"management.":[26],"Traditional":[27],"ground-based":[28],"and":[29,41,58,72,85,179],"unmanned":[30],"aerial":[31],"vehicle":[32],"(UAV)":[33],"monitoring":[34],"are":[35,88],"limited":[36],"by":[37],"cost,":[38],"technical":[39],"constraints,":[40],"observation":[42],"frequency.":[43],"Focusing":[44],"on":[45,91,185],"this":[46,48,171],"issue,":[47],"study":[49],"introduces":[50],"an":[51,124],"enhanced":[52],"framework":[53],"identifying":[55],"areas":[57,87],"assessing":[59],"their":[60],"intensity":[61],"using":[62,110],"Sentinel\u22122":[63],"time-series":[64],"satellite":[65],"imagery.":[66],"Breaks":[68],"Additive":[70],"Seasonal":[71],"Trend":[73],"algorithm":[74],"applied":[76],"to":[77,106,168],"five":[78],"satellite-based":[79],"vegetation":[80],"index":[81],"(VI)":[82],"time":[83],"series,":[84],"classified":[89],"based":[90],"random":[93],"forest":[94],"model.":[95],"Moreover,":[96],"novel":[98],"Spontaneous":[99],"Combustion":[100],"Intensity":[101],"Index":[102],"(SCII)":[103],"developed":[105],"quantify":[107],"intensity.":[108],"Validation":[109],"deep":[111],"(25":[112],"cm)":[113],"soil":[114,135],"temperature":[115,136,161],"data":[116,137],"confirms":[117],"the":[118,121,134,159],"effectiveness":[119],"SCII,":[122],"with":[123,133,158],"overall":[125],"accuracy":[126],"95.7%.":[128],"SCII":[130,155],"strongly":[131],"agrees":[132],"(R\u00b2":[138],"0.54\u20130.71;":[139],"root":[140],"mean":[141,147],"square":[142],"error":[143,149],"(RMSE)":[144],"3.87\u20138.65":[145],"\u00b0C;":[146],"absolute":[148],"(MAE)":[150],"1.77\u20136.86":[151],"\u00b0C).":[152],"Furthermore,":[153],"temporal":[154],"changes":[156],"align":[157],"subsurface":[160],"variation":[162],"(Spearman\u2019s":[163],"\u03c1":[164],"=":[165],"0.78).":[166],"Compared":[167],"traditional":[169],"methods,":[170],"approach":[172],"enables":[173],"large-scale,":[174],"continuous":[175],"monitoring,":[176],"capturing":[177],"early-stage":[178],"dynamic":[180],"processes":[181],"while":[182],"reducing":[183],"reliance":[184],"ground":[186],"or":[187],"UAV":[188],"observations.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-15T08:34:33.830935","created_date":"2025-12-02T00:00:00"}
