{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413341437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2545582","title":"Automatic 3D reconstruction of indoor building point clouds under occlusion based on gestalt rules","display_name":"Automatic 3D reconstruction of indoor building point clouds under occlusion based on gestalt rules","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413341437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2545582"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2545582","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2545582","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2025.2545582?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2025.2545582?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041134002","display_name":"Xiaoli Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5998-1702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173899330","display_name":"Henan University","ror":"https://ror.org/003xyzq10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoli Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan University","School of Software, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014753277","display_name":"Yunxiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9698-5331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173899330","display_name":"Henan University","ror":"https://ror.org/003xyzq10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunxiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan University","School of Software, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027705306","display_name":"J WANG","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2304-0843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173899330","display_name":"Henan University","ror":"https://ror.org/003xyzq10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091706","display_name":"Henan Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00hy87220","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091706"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiayao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Industrial Technology Academy of Spatio-temporal Big Data","Henan University","Henan Industrial Technology Academy of Spatio-temporal Big Data, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China","College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2304-0843","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Industrial Technology Academy of Spatio-temporal Big Data","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091706"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Industrial Technology Academy of Spatio-temporal Big Data, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091706"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102959307","display_name":"Zhiqiang Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4878-4907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173899330","display_name":"Henan University","ror":"https://ror.org/003xyzq10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqiang Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan University","School of Software, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023230908","display_name":"L. Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3292-7256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173899330","display_name":"Henan University","ror":"https://ror.org/003xyzq10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan University","School of Software, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102664371","display_name":"Haoxue Jia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173899330","display_name":"Henan University","ror":"https://ror.org/003xyzq10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoxue Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan University","School of Software, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Cancong Dai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173899330","display_name":"Henan University","ror":"https://ror.org/003xyzq10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cancong Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan University","School of Software, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027705306"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330","https://openalex.org/I38877650","https://openalex.org/I4210091706"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"fwci":1.8413,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86645482,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gestalt-psychology","display_name":"Gestalt psychology","score":0.7681952714920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.7387014627456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4495134651660919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4386243522167206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3766593933105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3480469882488251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33702942728996277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3340821862220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23917749524116516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.23339331150054932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.11185505986213684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.11009901762008667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27362006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272021","display_name":"Gestalt psychology","level":3,"score":0.7681952714920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.7387014627456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4495134651660919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4386243522167206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3766593933105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3480469882488251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33702942728996277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3340821862220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23917749524116516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.23339331150054932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.11185505986213684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.11009901762008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2545582","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2545582","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2025.2545582?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:29f6eab292d74873bdda4c484abf8bf0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/29f6eab292d74873bdda4c484abf8bf0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth, Vol 18, Iss 1 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2545582","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2545582","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2025.2545582?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2018342427","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42201465","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2711328695","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"232102211025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336405","funder_display_name":"Special Project for Research and Development in Key areas of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5620537956","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"232102211015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336405","funder_display_name":"Special Project for Research and Development in Key areas of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7332746938","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A2014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336213","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China-Guangdong Joint Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8062980698","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023M730942","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336213","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China-Guangdong Joint Fund","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336405","display_name":"Special Project for Research and Development in Key areas of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W819161727","https://openalex.org/W1263619056","https://openalex.org/W1953319329","https://openalex.org/W1980161800","https://openalex.org/W2026644406","https://openalex.org/W2033552406","https://openalex.org/W2041612677","https://openalex.org/W2060565253","https://openalex.org/W2064723966","https://openalex.org/W2069693438","https://openalex.org/W2110158442","https://openalex.org/W2113137767","https://openalex.org/W2131787037","https://openalex.org/W2204660949","https://openalex.org/W2337420161","https://openalex.org/W2410371829","https://openalex.org/W2460657278","https://openalex.org/W2519823314","https://openalex.org/W2522065668","https://openalex.org/W2572668347","https://openalex.org/W2754215124","https://openalex.org/W2755286543","https://openalex.org/W2766093809","https://openalex.org/W2772767844","https://openalex.org/W2798899123","https://openalex.org/W2800336479","https://openalex.org/W2802203891","https://openalex.org/W2883729355","https://openalex.org/W2890921115","https://openalex.org/W2891284484","https://openalex.org/W2904279236","https://openalex.org/W2910034837","https://openalex.org/W2933294266","https://openalex.org/W2946077085","https://openalex.org/W2951254960","https://openalex.org/W2964166424","https://openalex.org/W2990884367","https://openalex.org/W3006416385","https://openalex.org/W3006564979","https://openalex.org/W3008961427","https://openalex.org/W3033736452","https://openalex.org/W3087250444","https://openalex.org/W3163552336","https://openalex.org/W3185082272","https://openalex.org/W3195390362","https://openalex.org/W3195851811","https://openalex.org/W3197317251","https://openalex.org/W3202521672","https://openalex.org/W3211712154","https://openalex.org/W4220756051","https://openalex.org/W4220890232","https://openalex.org/W4221143972","https://openalex.org/W4221158735","https://openalex.org/W4232425680","https://openalex.org/W4312663892","https://openalex.org/W4318485934","https://openalex.org/W4320169185","https://openalex.org/W4322759976","https://openalex.org/W4385374107","https://openalex.org/W4386798305","https://openalex.org/W4396881275","https://openalex.org/W4403701035","https://openalex.org/W4409724001"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1593175091","https://openalex.org/W3039810647","https://openalex.org/W4327521413","https://openalex.org/W823300309","https://openalex.org/W2385281989","https://openalex.org/W2752358874","https://openalex.org/W2082622678","https://openalex.org/W2501344691","https://openalex.org/W2508759649","https://openalex.org/W4384565558"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"occlusion":[1],"of":[2,10,50,67,128,138,153,182,193],"complex":[3],"building":[4,19,31],"layouts":[5],"and":[6,45,83,85,95,132,164,196],"the":[7,14,65,111,151,168,191],"high":[8],"presence":[9,192],"structural":[11,52,71,112,183],"elements":[12,53],"are":[13,42,54,114,141],"key":[15],"challenges":[16],"for":[17],"indoor":[18,30,77,188],"point":[20,32,48],"clouds":[21,33,49],"reconstruction.":[22,87],"This":[23],"paper":[24],"presents":[25],"a":[26,89,122,144],"new":[27],"Gestalt":[28,40,92],"rules-based":[29],"reconstruction":[34,58,185],"method.":[35,148],"In":[36],"this":[37],"method,":[38,90,155],"different":[39,51,129,139,162,180,187],"rules":[41],"first":[43],"constructed":[44],"then":[46],"missing":[47,103],"gradually":[55],"reconstructed.":[56],"Our":[57],"work":[59],"is":[60,99,177],"carried":[61],"out":[62],"according":[63],"to":[64,101],"process":[66],"\u2018overall":[68],"framework":[69],"\u2013":[70,73],"surface":[72,74,80,113],"details\u2019,":[75],"including":[76],"wall":[78],"reconstruction,":[79],"hole":[81],"filling,":[82],"door":[84],"window":[86],"First,":[88],"combining":[91],"closure":[93],"rule":[94],"multilevel":[96],"hierarchical":[97,146],"labeling,":[98],"proposed":[100,175],"reconstruct":[102],"walls":[104],"with":[105,167],"arbitrary":[106],"directions.":[107],"Then,":[108],"holes":[109],"in":[110,179,186],"filled":[115],"using":[116,143],"an":[117],"image":[118],"inpainting":[119],"algorithm":[120],"under":[121],"spatial":[123],"relation":[124],"constraint.":[125],"Finally,":[126],"doors":[127],"types,":[130,140],"states,":[131],"components,":[133],"as":[134,136],"well":[135],"windows":[137],"reconstructed":[142],"multi-feature":[145],"combination":[147],"To":[149],"validate":[150],"effectiveness":[152],"our":[154,174],"we":[156],"selected":[157],"several":[158],"typical":[159],"scenes":[160],"from":[161],"datasets":[163],"compared":[165],"them":[166],"existing":[169],"methods.":[170],"Experiments":[171],"show":[172],"that":[173],"method":[176],"effective":[178],"types":[181],"components":[184],"scenes,":[189],"despite":[190],"significant":[194],"clutter":[195],"occlusion.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-19T21:40:30.786675","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}