{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411685734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2522394","title":"Comparative analysis of deep learning approaches for forest stand type classification: insights from the new VHRTreeSpecies benchmark dataset","display_name":"Comparative analysis of deep learning approaches for forest stand type classification: insights from the new VHRTreeSpecies benchmark dataset","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411685734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2522394"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2522394","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2522394","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2025.2522394?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2025.2522394?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041935848","display_name":"Elif Sertel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4854-494X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elif Sertel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istanbul Technical University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4854-494X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istanbul Technical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093102741","display_name":"\u015eule Nur Topg\u00fcl","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sule Nur Topgul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istanbul Technical University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6662-8167","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istanbul Technical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041935848"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"fwci":1.0879,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73507746,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13568","display_name":"Wood and Agarwood Research","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1605","display_name":"Organic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6331198811531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5533421635627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.5279330611228943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.445067822933197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type","display_name":"Type (biology)","score":0.4426713287830353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4399722218513489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.376990407705307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37605011463165283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.332162082195282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.09080657362937927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.058003783226013184}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6331198811531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5533421635627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5279330611228943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.445067822933197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4426713287830353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4399722218513489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.376990407705307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37605011463165283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.332162082195282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.09080657362937927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.058003783226013184}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2522394","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2522394","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2025.2522394?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a60036ddb3b74ffaa14cff61968eaacc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a60036ddb3b74ffaa14cff61968eaacc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth, Vol 18, Iss 1 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:polen.itu.edu.tr:11527/36974","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11527/36974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400460","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University Academic Open Archive (Istanbul Technical University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","host_organization_name":"Istanbul Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2522394","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2522394","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2025.2522394?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3813133175","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"221N393","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","funder_display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4991674524","display_name":"ForestValue - Innovating forest-based bioeconomy","funder_award_id":"773324","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9kkr77"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324489","display_name":"Istanbul Teknik \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336848","display_name":"Bilimsel Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Projeleri Birimi, \u0130stanbul Teknik \u00dcniversitesi","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411685734.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411685734.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980038761","https://openalex.org/W1990503995","https://openalex.org/W2007127263","https://openalex.org/W2155394142","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2305745203","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2737258237","https://openalex.org/W2765587043","https://openalex.org/W2772246530","https://openalex.org/W2782859092","https://openalex.org/W2807436399","https://openalex.org/W2890870761","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2940213026","https://openalex.org/W2948612393","https://openalex.org/W2952142982","https://openalex.org/W2952317021","https://openalex.org/W2964194231","https://openalex.org/W2986943971","https://openalex.org/W3027299578","https://openalex.org/W3097361954","https://openalex.org/W3097971370","https://openalex.org/W3110414814","https://openalex.org/W3118328374","https://openalex.org/W3120119699","https://openalex.org/W3124539583","https://openalex.org/W3128633156","https://openalex.org/W3129309130","https://openalex.org/W3137963805","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3170544306","https://openalex.org/W3182106307","https://openalex.org/W3199523484","https://openalex.org/W3215490101","https://openalex.org/W3215877573","https://openalex.org/W4205214533","https://openalex.org/W4210683801","https://openalex.org/W4214634256","https://openalex.org/W4220901123","https://openalex.org/W4226215938","https://openalex.org/W4285030253","https://openalex.org/W4288322575","https://openalex.org/W4292283839","https://openalex.org/W4294552392","https://openalex.org/W4297009805","https://openalex.org/W4297224433","https://openalex.org/W4300479382","https://openalex.org/W4308356480","https://openalex.org/W4311527280","https://openalex.org/W4318484044","https://openalex.org/W4320920004","https://openalex.org/W4322735024","https://openalex.org/W4323313924","https://openalex.org/W4323848839","https://openalex.org/W4378085651","https://openalex.org/W4379537541","https://openalex.org/W4382133605","https://openalex.org/W4384039648","https://openalex.org/W4384340819","https://openalex.org/W4387802415","https://openalex.org/W4387829073","https://openalex.org/W4388823657","https://openalex.org/W4389422989","https://openalex.org/W4389449396","https://openalex.org/W4389546877","https://openalex.org/W4391171669","https://openalex.org/W4391345429","https://openalex.org/W4391946845","https://openalex.org/W4393118750","https://openalex.org/W4393998152","https://openalex.org/W4396927685","https://openalex.org/W4399138403","https://openalex.org/W4401830239"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W2028665553","https://openalex.org/W2086519370","https://openalex.org/W4246352526","https://openalex.org/W2121910908","https://openalex.org/W915438175","https://openalex.org/W4380075502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Remotely":[0],"sensed":[1],"data":[2],"are":[3,15],"widely":[4,52],"used":[5,53,78],"for":[6,21,72,145,179],"forest":[7,55,73,89,107,147],"stand":[8,74,90],"type":[9,75],"classification;":[10],"however,":[11],"traditional":[12,167],"classification":[13,59,162,184],"methods":[14],"time":[16],"consuming":[17],"and":[18,25,36,57,84,130,134,182],"mostly":[19],"implemented":[20],"spatially":[22],"limited":[23],"areas":[24],"species,":[26],"restricting":[27],"the":[28,40,94,140,146,154,160],"transferability":[29],"of":[30,43,97,142,156,164],"these":[31,143],"models":[32,112,124,132,144],"to":[33,138,173],"other":[34],"locations":[35],"diverse":[37,106],"species.":[38,192],"With":[39],"increasing":[41],"availability":[42],"high-resolution":[44],"satellite":[45,82],"imagery,":[46],"deep":[47,110],"learning":[48,111],"techniques":[49],"have":[50],"become":[51],"in":[54],"management":[56],"species":[58,103,149],"research.":[60],"In":[61],"this":[62],"study,":[63],"we":[64],"generated":[65],"a":[66,175],"new":[67],"benchmark":[68],"dataset,":[69],"VHRTreeSpecies,":[70],"designed":[71],"classification.":[76,150],"We":[77],"Very":[79],"High":[80],"Resolution":[81],"images":[83],"corresponding":[85],"labels":[86],"derived":[87],"from":[88,104],"maps":[91],"provided":[92],"by":[93],"General":[95],"Directorate":[96],"Forestry,":[98],"covering":[99],"15":[100],"dominant":[101],"tree":[102,148,191],"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s":[105],"ecosystems.":[108],"Various":[109],"including":[113],"CNN-based":[114],"architectures":[115],"(ResNet50,":[116],"ResNet101,":[117],"VGG16,":[118],"ResNeXt,":[119],"InceptionV3,":[120],"ConvNeXt,":[121],"EfficientNet),":[122],"transformer":[123],"(DeepViT,":[125],"Swin":[126],"Transformer,":[127],"CaiT,":[128],"SegFormer-b0-b1-b2),":[129],"YOLO":[131],"(YOLOv8-l":[133],"YOLOv11-l)":[135],"were":[136],"utilized":[137],"assess":[139],"performance":[141],"Our":[151],"results":[152],"demonstrate":[153],"effectiveness":[155],"SegFormer,":[157],"which":[158],"achieved":[159],"highest":[161],"accuracy":[163],"96.25%,":[165],"outperforming":[166],"CNN":[168],"models.":[169],"Additionally,":[170],"YOLOv8-l":[171],"proved":[172],"be":[174],"highly":[176],"efficient":[177],"model":[178],"both":[180],"precision":[181],"real-time":[183],"tasks,":[185],"demonstrating":[186],"its":[187],"robustness":[188],"across":[189],"different":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}