{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411441996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2520475","title":"Towards vertical urban geometry extraction: occlusion-reduced estimation from street view images using diffusion models","display_name":"Towards vertical urban geometry extraction: occlusion-reduced estimation from street view images using diffusion models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411441996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2520475"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2520475","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2520475","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2025.2520475?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2025.2520475?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029721286","display_name":"Yizhen Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4105-3961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107815","display_name":"Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality","ror":"https://ror.org/02gwsx029","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I159948400","https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I4210107815","https://openalex.org/I4210144285","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yizhen Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen University & Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen University & Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107815","https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100705731","display_name":"Bo Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5063-3522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bo Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Hong Kong","Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5063-3522","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101598070","display_name":"Weixi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-7556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107815","display_name":"Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality","ror":"https://ror.org/02gwsx029","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I159948400","https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I4210107815","https://openalex.org/I4210144285","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weixi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen University & Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen University & Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107815","https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089907191","display_name":"Xiaolu Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6594-5844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolu Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Hong Kong","Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028865865","display_name":"Linfu Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8545-6303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107815","display_name":"Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality","ror":"https://ror.org/02gwsx029","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I159948400","https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I4210107815","https://openalex.org/I4210144285","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linfu Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen University & Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8545-6303","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen University & Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107815","https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040559125","display_name":"Man-On Pun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3316-5381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Man-On Pun","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong","School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114196632","display_name":"Renzhong Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107815","display_name":"Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality","ror":"https://ror.org/02gwsx029","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I159948400","https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I4210107815","https://openalex.org/I4210144285","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renzhong Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen University & Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen University & Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107815","https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yunxiang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6065-811X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087641","display_name":"Beijing VDJBio (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/001gbdr73","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087641"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099114","display_name":"Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology","ror":"https://ror.org/00wzqmx94","country_code":"CZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202391551","https://openalex.org/I4210099114"]}],"countries":["CN","CZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunxiang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Biotechnology","Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6065-811X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Biotechnology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099114"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099114","https://openalex.org/I4210087641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100705731","https://openalex.org/A5101598070"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210087641","https://openalex.org/I4210099114","https://openalex.org/I4210107815","https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"fwci":1.4436,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80429835,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.5491932034492493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.5286275148391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusion","display_name":"Diffusion","score":0.5283639430999756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extraction","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","score":0.5243361592292786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43916192650794983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3896765112876892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.389326810836792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.378121554851532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.36418312788009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.112282395362854}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5491932034492493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.5286275148391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69357855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214","display_name":"Diffusion","level":2,"score":0.5283639430999756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5243361592292786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43916192650794983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3896765112876892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.389326810836792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.378121554851532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.36418312788009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.112282395362854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2520475","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2520475","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2025.2520475?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4091dc2d84c74211be28e1c164485fd6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4091dc2d84c74211be28e1c164485fd6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth, Vol 18, Iss 1 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/366439","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/366439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2520475","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2520475","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2025.2520475?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2291643283","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024A1515010777","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2846486089","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42001407","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5226230338","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20231121094609001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336569","funder_display_name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6652382567","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020B1212030009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7549897355","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB3903700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8043162547","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020B1212030009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8948637144","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62306333","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327027","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336569","display_name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F548781209","display_name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Innovation Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411441996.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411441996.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2029895480","https://openalex.org/W2136432099","https://openalex.org/W2273894788","https://openalex.org/W2406005695","https://openalex.org/W2517180603","https://openalex.org/W2548362856","https://openalex.org/W2787091153","https://openalex.org/W2799679797","https://openalex.org/W2803202572","https://openalex.org/W2937716091","https://openalex.org/W2991352180","https://openalex.org/W3005667247","https://openalex.org/W3036167779","https://openalex.org/W3092442149","https://openalex.org/W3100764680","https://openalex.org/W3179323839","https://openalex.org/W3195494505","https://openalex.org/W3203230094","https://openalex.org/W3212929509","https://openalex.org/W4205464861","https://openalex.org/W4210711830","https://openalex.org/W4210757670","https://openalex.org/W4225014848","https://openalex.org/W4283589804","https://openalex.org/W4293769203","https://openalex.org/W4295308208","https://openalex.org/W4296301579","https://openalex.org/W4308430910","https://openalex.org/W4312933868","https://openalex.org/W4324100563","https://openalex.org/W4363652090","https://openalex.org/W4376650895","https://openalex.org/W4381059942","https://openalex.org/W4382751652","https://openalex.org/W4383604381","https://openalex.org/W4383868177","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385422703","https://openalex.org/W4386644967","https://openalex.org/W4390874575","https://openalex.org/W4391272787","https://openalex.org/W4394998624","https://openalex.org/W4404612908","https://openalex.org/W4406780241","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6762561436","https://openalex.org/W6779823529"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2377297411","https://openalex.org/W3148217948","https://openalex.org/W2375788636","https://openalex.org/W2358561207","https://openalex.org/W2975617233","https://openalex.org/W2388704129","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2392827053","https://openalex.org/W2377877252","https://openalex.org/W2779427294"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"urban":[1,9,17,66,74,99,185,192],"structure":[2],"is":[3,24,36],"crucial":[4],"for":[5,40,73,108,145,184],"analysing":[6],"city":[7,197],"dynamics,":[8],"planning,":[10],"energy":[11],"efficiency,":[12],"and":[13,42,62,97,122,136,156,194],"environmental":[14],"sustainability.":[15],"Extracting":[16],"vertical":[18,75,186],"geometry,":[19],"such":[20],"as":[21,30],"building":[22,86,92,109,125,137],"heights,":[23],"essential":[25],"to":[26,83,116,140],"these":[27],"efforts.":[28],"However,":[29,78],"cities":[31],"are":[32],"constantly":[33],"evolving,":[34],"there":[35],"a":[37,70,106,150,162,172],"growing":[38],"need":[39],"cost-effective":[41],"efficient":[43],"methods":[44,80],"of":[45,65,152,168],"updating":[46],"data.":[47],"Street":[48],"view":[49],"imagery,":[50],"easily":[51],"captured":[52],"by":[53,143],"road":[54],"vehicles":[55],"or":[56,189],"voluntary":[57],"sources,":[58],"offers":[59,181],"frequent":[60],"updates":[61],"rich":[63],"details":[64],"features,":[67],"making":[68],"it":[69],"valuable":[71],"resource":[72],"geometry":[76,187],"acquisition.":[77],"existing":[79],"often":[81],"struggle":[82],"accurately":[84],"estimate":[85],"heights":[87],"when":[88],"street":[89],"elements":[90],"obstruct":[91],"fa\u00e7ades,":[93],"particularly":[94],"in":[95,165],"dense":[96],"complex":[98],"environments.":[100],"To":[101],"address":[102],"this,":[103],"we":[104],"propose":[105],"framework":[107,131],"height":[110,169],"estimation":[111],"that":[112],"adopts":[113],"diffusion":[114],"models":[115],"reduce":[117],"occlusions,":[118],"remove":[119],"obstructing":[120],"objects,":[121],"recover":[123],"hidden":[124],"features":[126],"through":[127],"image":[128],"inpainting.":[129],"The":[130],"also":[132],"integrates":[133],"single-view":[134],"metrology":[135],"footprint":[138],"data":[139],"enhance":[141],"accuracy":[142],"compensating":[144],"distance":[146],"variations.":[147],"Evaluated":[148],"on":[149],"dataset":[151],"over":[153],"1,000":[154],"buildings":[155],"3,814":[157],"images,":[158],"our":[159],"method":[160],"shows":[161],"9.96%":[163],"increase":[164],"the":[166],"number":[167],"estimates":[170],"within":[171],"2-meter":[173],"error":[174],"margin,":[175],"demonstrating":[176],"its":[177],"effectiveness.":[178],"This":[179],"approach":[180],"new":[182],"opportunities":[183],"extraction":[188],"updating,":[190],"supporting":[191],"studies":[193],"facilitating":[195],"smart":[196],"development.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-15T08:34:33.830935","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
