{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410741869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2510566","title":"A question-answering framework for geospatial data retrieval enhanced by a knowledge graph and large language models","display_name":"A question-answering framework for geospatial data retrieval enhanced by a knowledge graph and large language models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410741869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2510566"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2510566","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2510566","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2025.2510566?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2025.2510566?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043758925","display_name":"Hao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3197-7071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Changan Automobile Co. Ltd","Wuhan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Changan Automobile Co. Ltd","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003200822","display_name":"Peng Yue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3006-4542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peng Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology","Hubei LuoJia Laboratory","Wuhan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei LuoJia Laboratory","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101413395","display_name":"Hui Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8881-3203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoru Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114109938","display_name":"Baoxin Teng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3700-2161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baoxin Teng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107140507","display_name":"Yongkun Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7798-7400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145005","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Vehicle NVH and Safety Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6h1p91","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongkun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Changan Automobile Co. Ltd","State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vehicle Safety Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Changan Automobile Co. Ltd","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vehicle Safety Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108314698","display_name":"Changfeng Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145005","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Vehicle NVH and Safety Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6h1p91","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changfeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Changan Automobile Co. Ltd","State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vehicle Safety Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Changan Automobile Co. Ltd","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vehicle Safety Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003200822"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"fwci":10.9458,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98081869,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.8787870407104492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.7502657175064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6873064041137695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.5529360175132751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-graph","display_name":"Knowledge graph","score":0.5157954692840576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.49625569581985474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.36642569303512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3370036482810974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2465953528881073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.16164734959602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.10310813784599304}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.8787870407104492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.7502657175064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6873064041137695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5529360175132751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987255567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33002955","display_name":"Knowledge graph","level":2,"score":0.5157954692840576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.49625569581985474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.36642569303512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3370036482810974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2465953528881073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.16164734959602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.10310813784599304}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2510566","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2510566","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2025.2510566?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1a51580310b8431c99d225e96c50a9ff","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1a51580310b8431c99d225e96c50a9ff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth, Vol 18, Iss 1 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2025.2510566","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2510566","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2025.2510566?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3468092107","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42425108","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8694001909","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 42425108","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410741869.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410741869.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W191211481","https://openalex.org/W1715730942","https://openalex.org/W1940872118","https://openalex.org/W2129667801","https://openalex.org/W2197906902","https://openalex.org/W2212276110","https://openalex.org/W2752960530","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2922388164","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2972221905","https://openalex.org/W2974334446","https://openalex.org/W2978017171","https://openalex.org/W3002380645","https://openalex.org/W3013702075","https://openalex.org/W3047599198","https://openalex.org/W3104415840","https://openalex.org/W3132519602","https://openalex.org/W3132546272","https://openalex.org/W3175225269","https://openalex.org/W3211446437","https://openalex.org/W4224229906","https://openalex.org/W4293572013","https://openalex.org/W4318069287","https://openalex.org/W4362515116","https://openalex.org/W4366196934","https://openalex.org/W4367595583","https://openalex.org/W4376876984","https://openalex.org/W4379933424","https://openalex.org/W4384643740","https://openalex.org/W4385988359","https://openalex.org/W4386238149","https://openalex.org/W4387799562","https://openalex.org/W4388616070","https://openalex.org/W4389520779","https://openalex.org/W4390692489","https://openalex.org/W4391574488","https://openalex.org/W4398141811","https://openalex.org/W4399730268","https://openalex.org/W4403792045","https://openalex.org/W4403964795","https://openalex.org/W6929214418"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4367313141","https://openalex.org/W4283374591","https://openalex.org/W2004086023","https://openalex.org/W2733999579","https://openalex.org/W2384605597","https://openalex.org/W2110217573","https://openalex.org/W2910751785","https://openalex.org/W4390100400","https://openalex.org/W4366547507","https://openalex.org/W4401140950"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"advancement":[2],"of":[3,13,18,163],"Earth":[4],"observation":[5],"technologies":[6],"has":[7],"resulted":[8],"in":[9,38,193],"an":[10,93],"explosive":[11],"growth":[12],"geoscientific":[14,138],"data.":[15],"Efficient":[16],"retrieval":[17],"such":[19],"data":[20,32,58,71,86],"is":[21],"essential":[22],"but":[23],"often":[24],"challenging,":[25],"especially":[26],"for":[27],"non-experts,":[28],"due":[29],"to":[30,67,97,122,132,136,143,179],"decentralized":[31],"sources":[33],"and":[34,91,100,125,134,175,186,196,201],"limited":[35],"semantic":[36],"support":[37],"existing":[39],"portals.":[40],"To":[41,155],"address":[42],"these":[43],"challenges,":[44],"we":[45,80,108,159],"propose":[46],"the":[47,82,148],"Geospatial":[48],"Data":[49],"service-oriented":[50],"Question-Answering":[51],"(GDQA)":[52],"system,":[53,158],"which":[54,119],"combines":[55],"a":[56,110,161],"geospatial":[57],"knowledge":[59,103],"graph":[60],"(GDKG)":[61],"with":[62,152],"large":[63],"language":[64,146],"models":[65],"(LLMs)":[66],"enable":[68],"natural":[69,145],"language-based":[70],"discovery.":[72],"Our":[73],"framework":[74],"includes":[75],"two":[76],"key":[77],"components.":[78],"First,":[79],"construct":[81],"GDKG":[83,149],"by":[84],"aggregating":[85],"from":[87,104],"five":[88],"major":[89],"portals":[90],"employing":[92],"information":[94],"extraction":[95],"model":[96],"automatically":[98],"identify":[99],"structure":[101],"fine-grained":[102],"unstructured":[105],"texts.":[106],"Second,":[107],"develop":[109],"method":[111,189],"called":[112],"Spatio-Temporal":[113],"Reasoning":[114],"on":[115],"Knowledge":[116],"Graphs":[117],"(STRKG),":[118],"enables":[120],"LLMs":[121,141],"perform":[123],"reasoning":[124,171],"exploration":[126],"over":[127],"GDKG,":[128],"enhancing":[129],"their":[130],"ability":[131],"understand":[133],"respond":[135],"complex":[137],"queries.":[139],"While":[140],"contribute":[142],"flexible":[144],"interaction,":[147],"complements":[150],"them":[151],"domain-specific":[153],"knowledge.":[154],"evaluate":[156],"our":[157,188],"design":[160],"set":[162],"competency":[164],"questions":[165],"spanning":[166],"four":[167],"dimensions:":[168],"constraint":[169],"quantity,":[170],"depth,":[172],"spatiotemporal":[173],"logic,":[174],"inference":[176],"complexity.":[177],"Compared":[178],"baseline":[180],"approaches":[181],"including":[182],"KGQArr,":[183],"Text2Cypher,":[184],"KAPING,":[185],"ToG,":[187],"achieves":[190],"superior":[191],"performance":[192],"both":[194],"accuracy":[195],"efficiency,":[197],"significantly":[198],"reducing":[199],"time":[200],"token":[202],"costs.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-25T07:29:55.448023","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
