{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394855885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2024.2341788","title":"Scale effects-aware bottom-up population estimation using weakly supervised learning","display_name":"Scale effects-aware bottom-up population estimation using weakly supervised learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394855885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2024.2341788"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2024.2341788","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2024.2341788","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2024.2341788?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2024.2341788?download=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100752114","display_name":"Jing Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3174-6887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021251779","display_name":"Rui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5167-2956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100601995","display_name":"Xinrui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4182-8360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinrui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103250813","display_name":"Guangyu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9112-8197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090932753","display_name":"Mingjun Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6030-8168"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingjun Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Geomatics Institute, Wuhan, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Geomatics Institute, Wuhan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021251779"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"fwci":2.3283,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87139011,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granularity","display_name":"Granularity","score":0.6782892942428589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.6643325686454773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.6519889235496521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5753216743469238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregate","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","score":0.519733190536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.4745006263256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/census","display_name":"Census","score":0.46018797159194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.44318994879722595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.43850740790367126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38764211535453796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3830749988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.23915094137191772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.210808664560318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.20185533165931702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10239782929420471}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.6782892942428589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.6643325686454773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6519889235496521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5753216743469238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.519733190536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.4745006263256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.46018797159194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44318994879722595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.43850740790367126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38764211535453796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3830749988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.23915094137191772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.210808664560318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.20185533165931702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10239782929420471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2024.2341788","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2024.2341788","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2024.2341788?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bd1e6e39dfc041aaae53c071f37466ea","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bd1e6e39dfc041aaae53c071f37466ea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth, Vol 17, Iss 1 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2024.2341788","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2024.2341788","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2024.2341788?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1570605330","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20A2091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8773897565","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41930107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394855885.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394855885.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W98895690","https://openalex.org/W1541771177","https://openalex.org/W1609362469","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1997315441","https://openalex.org/W2057442840","https://openalex.org/W2066822623","https://openalex.org/W2121251906","https://openalex.org/W2138145292","https://openalex.org/W2546869287","https://openalex.org/W2551700474","https://openalex.org/W2586749094","https://openalex.org/W2587518584","https://openalex.org/W2746791238","https://openalex.org/W2766517162","https://openalex.org/W2801550037","https://openalex.org/W2896423618","https://openalex.org/W2900461945","https://openalex.org/W2905333671","https://openalex.org/W2910347924","https://openalex.org/W2911110255","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2913361231","https://openalex.org/W2946260201","https://openalex.org/W2963123139","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W2972707075","https://openalex.org/W3087436801","https://openalex.org/W3097383094","https://openalex.org/W3105053445","https://openalex.org/W3110928580","https://openalex.org/W3159004443","https://openalex.org/W3168330079","https://openalex.org/W3195802189","https://openalex.org/W3202959821","https://openalex.org/W3203824648","https://openalex.org/W3207513507","https://openalex.org/W4210351867","https://openalex.org/W4211251010","https://openalex.org/W4214924184","https://openalex.org/W4293364472","https://openalex.org/W4300970283","https://openalex.org/W4307644359","https://openalex.org/W4309711566","https://openalex.org/W4379142028","https://openalex.org/W4388285322","https://openalex.org/W6999705093"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2128472366","https://openalex.org/W621243299","https://openalex.org/W5594354","https://openalex.org/W4244351752","https://openalex.org/W2601163983","https://openalex.org/W2364090708","https://openalex.org/W2145323372","https://openalex.org/W1512152715","https://openalex.org/W2009948611","https://openalex.org/W2182026161"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fine-scale":[0],"population":[1,27,63,77,137,190],"estimation":[2,45,78],"(FPE)":[3],"is":[4,100],"crucial":[5],"for":[6],"urban":[7],"management.After":[8],"training,":[9],"the":[10,22,29,85,111,141,150,162,173],"bottom-up":[11,31,76],"FPE":[12,42,109,151],"models":[13,35],"can":[14,182],"be":[15],"applied":[16],"independently":[17],"of":[18,24,168],"census":[19,39,120],"data.However,":[20],"given":[21],"lack":[23],"real":[25],"fine-scale":[26,90],"data,":[28,121],"existing":[30],"methods":[32],"typically":[33],"apply":[34],"trained":[36],"on":[37,108],"coarse-grained":[38],"data":[40],"to":[41,81,102,134],"directly,":[43],"causing":[44],"bias":[46],"induced":[47],"by":[48,153],"scale":[49,83,184],"effects.Traffic":[50],"analysis":[51,64],"zones":[52],"(TAZs)":[53],"balance":[54],"geo-semantics":[55],"and":[56,97,113,128,170,175,186],"fine":[57],"granularity,":[58],"but":[59],"their":[60],"potential":[61],"as":[62,125],"units":[65],"has":[66],"not":[67],"been":[68],"fully":[69],"exploited.Hence,":[70],"we":[71,122,148],"developed":[72],"a":[73,130],"weakly-supervised":[74,86,117],"TAZ-scale":[75,136],"method":[79],"(WSTP).Specifically,":[80],"mitigate":[82,183],"effects,":[84],"training":[87,112,118],"procedure":[88],"involves":[89],"feature":[91],"input,":[92],"model":[93],"prediction,":[94],"spatial":[95],"aggregation,":[96],"coarse-scale":[98],"supervision":[99],"designed":[101,129],"ensure":[103],"that":[104,158,180],"WSTP":[105,159,181],"consistently":[106],"focuses":[107],"throughout":[110],"prediction":[114],"phases.To":[115],"enable":[116],"using":[119],"treated":[123],"TAZs":[124],"graph":[126],"nodes":[127],"Spatial":[131],"Aggregation":[132],"Layer":[133],"aggregate":[135],"predictions":[138],"into":[139],"communities.Given":[140],"diverse":[142],"distribution":[143],"patterns":[144],"across":[145],"age":[146,154],"groups,":[147],"decomposed":[149],"task":[152],"groups.The":[155],"experiments":[156],"showed":[157],"significantly":[160],"outperformed":[161],"baselines":[163],"with":[164],"R":[165],"2":[166],"values":[167],"0.821":[169],"0.785":[171],"at":[172],"community":[174],"TAZ":[176],"scales,":[177],"respectively,":[178],"indicating":[179],"effects":[185],"produce":[187],"high-resolution,":[188],"accurate":[189],"data.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-27T08:28:00.272161","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
