{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4291115611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2022.2099022","title":"A novel AI approach for modeling land surface temperature of Freetown, Sierra Leone, based on land-cover changes","display_name":"A novel AI approach for modeling land surface temperature of Freetown, Sierra Leone, based on land-cover changes","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4291115611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2022.2099022"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2022.2099022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2022.2099022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2022.2099022","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063113402","display_name":"Mosbeh R. Kaloop","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8449-8883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159247623","display_name":"Mansoura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k8vtd75","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]}],"countries":["EG","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mosbeh R. Kaloop","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea","Incheon Disaster Prevention Research Center, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea","Public Works and Civil Engineering Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8449-8883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Incheon Disaster Prevention Research Center, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Public Works and Civil Engineering Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016747418","display_name":"Mudassir Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4317-3978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mudassir Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshwar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshwar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074709700","display_name":"Mohamed T. Elnabwy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2461-0148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143517","display_name":"National Water Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04320xd69","country_code":"EG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180606324","https://openalex.org/I4210143517"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed T. Elnabwy","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Water Research Center, Coastal Research Institute, Alexandria, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Water Research Center, Coastal Research Institute, Alexandria, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143517"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087086685","display_name":"Elhadi K. Mustafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1951-6707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elhadi K. Mustafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Sichuan, People\u2019s Republic of China","Department of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Sichuan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083620416","display_name":"Jong Wan Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6081-4469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jong Wan Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea","Incheon Disaster Prevention Research Center, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Incheon Disaster Prevention Research Center, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083620416"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"fwci":0.606,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61591824,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"1236","last_page":"1258"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sierra-leone","display_name":"Sierra leone","score":0.9417680501937866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.7298839092254639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.6408685445785522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.4937380254268646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.4722580015659332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4013197720050812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.3775010108947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnology","display_name":"Ethnology","score":0.1342765986919403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.10989683866500854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10088708996772766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-engineering","display_name":"Civil engineering","score":0.08312049508094788}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018567284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1044","display_name":"Sierra leone","level":2,"score":0.9417680501937866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.7298839092254639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.6408685445785522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4937380254268646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.4722580015659332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4013197720050812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.3775010108947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2549261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455","display_name":"Ethnology","level":1,"score":0.1342765986919403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.10989683866500854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10088708996772766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.08312049508094788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2022.2099022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2022.2099022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3048979d017144aba7c16606609dc399","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3048979d017144aba7c16606609dc399","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth, Vol 15, Iss 1, Pp 1236-1258 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2022.2099022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2022.2099022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4438127577","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21CFRP-C163381-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324625","funder_display_name":"Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324625","display_name":"Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement","ror":"https://ror.org/00rxf7n07"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W181107242","https://openalex.org/W1501347617","https://openalex.org/W1598798455","https://openalex.org/W2001564322","https://openalex.org/W2019609756","https://openalex.org/W2025089902","https://openalex.org/W2031948933","https://openalex.org/W2035481316","https://openalex.org/W2050410257","https://openalex.org/W2050717874","https://openalex.org/W2060712372","https://openalex.org/W2063884800","https://openalex.org/W2067388657","https://openalex.org/W2076447280","https://openalex.org/W2091523418","https://openalex.org/W2101678239","https://openalex.org/W2108771490","https://openalex.org/W2121394390","https://openalex.org/W2122342483","https://openalex.org/W2141646170","https://openalex.org/W2288396407","https://openalex.org/W2359123543","https://openalex.org/W2488544472","https://openalex.org/W2535829439","https://openalex.org/W2552780957","https://openalex.org/W2570830654","https://openalex.org/W2582757882","https://openalex.org/W2589306140","https://openalex.org/W2746828310","https://openalex.org/W2783216674","https://openalex.org/W2783652268","https://openalex.org/W2789995176","https://openalex.org/W2803000140","https://openalex.org/W2888974424","https://openalex.org/W2893216376","https://openalex.org/W2900553983","https://openalex.org/W2901021477","https://openalex.org/W2913071319","https://openalex.org/W2914608334","https://openalex.org/W2915027494","https://openalex.org/W2920607084","https://openalex.org/W2948277285","https://openalex.org/W2955846576","https://openalex.org/W2969945043","https://openalex.org/W2970293273","https://openalex.org/W2972199278","https://openalex.org/W2972728945","https://openalex.org/W2973003644","https://openalex.org/W2982497902","https://openalex.org/W2989134367","https://openalex.org/W2990621239","https://openalex.org/W2993698366","https://openalex.org/W2999453397","https://openalex.org/W3014209622","https://openalex.org/W3021685627","https://openalex.org/W3081137328","https://openalex.org/W3082500687","https://openalex.org/W3093135203","https://openalex.org/W3095183108","https://openalex.org/W3116767385","https://openalex.org/W3147191068","https://openalex.org/W3155307637","https://openalex.org/W3162629243","https://openalex.org/W3164696250","https://openalex.org/W3166932402","https://openalex.org/W3175272552","https://openalex.org/W3197325378","https://openalex.org/W3197524190","https://openalex.org/W3201401131","https://openalex.org/W3202036668","https://openalex.org/W4200394859","https://openalex.org/W4206737619","https://openalex.org/W6889773067","https://openalex.org/W6968426081"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4256100953","https://openalex.org/W3133615129","https://openalex.org/W2087854757","https://openalex.org/W2188959887","https://openalex.org/W2373152553","https://openalex.org/W2972049582","https://openalex.org/W4389201442","https://openalex.org/W2386169820","https://openalex.org/W604251607","https://openalex.org/W3170595163"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Land":[0],"use/land":[1],"cover":[2],"(LULC)":[3],"indices":[4,21,151],"can":[5,162],"be":[6,23,163],"considered":[7],"while":[8],"developing":[9],"land":[10],"surface":[11],"temperature":[12],"(LST)":[13],"models.":[14,68,85],"The":[15,86,120,140,174],"relationship":[16,148],"between":[17,149],"LST":[18,31,42,66,153],"and":[19,57,78,107,131,136,152,189],"LULC":[20,90,150],"must":[22],"established":[24],"to":[25,64,81,117,145,166],"accurately":[26],"estimate":[27],"the":[28,83,124,129,155,171,181],"impacts":[29],"of":[30,48,70,89,128,157],"changes.":[32],"This":[33],"study":[34],"developed":[35],"novel":[36],"machine":[37],"learning":[38],"models":[39,133],"for":[40],"predicting":[41],"using":[43],"multispectral":[44,71],"Landsat":[45,76],"images":[46],"data":[47,88,169],"Freetown":[49],"city":[50],"in":[51,154],"Sierra-Leon.":[52],"Artificial":[53],"neural":[54],"network":[55],"(ANN)":[56],"gene":[58],"expression":[59],"programming":[60],"(GEP)":[61],"were":[62,73,113,134],"employed":[63],"develop":[65,82],"prediction":[67],"Images":[69],"bands":[72],"obtained":[74],"from":[75],"4-5":[77],"8":[79],"satellites":[80],"proposed":[84],"extracted":[87],"indices,":[91],"such":[92],"as":[93,115],"normal":[94,99,108],"difference":[95,100,109],"vegetation":[96],"index":[97,102,105,111],"(NDVI),":[98],"built-up":[101],"(NDBI),":[103],"urban":[104],"(UI),":[106],"water":[110],"(NDWI),":[112],"utilized":[114],"attributes":[116],"model":[118,142],"LST.":[119,193],"results":[121],"show":[122],"that":[123,178],"root-mean-square":[125],"error":[126],"(RMSE)":[127],"ANN":[130],"GEP":[132,141],"0.91oC":[135],"1.08":[137],"oC,":[138],"respectively.":[139],"was":[143],"used":[144,165],"yield":[146],"a":[147,158],"form":[156],"mathematical":[159],"equation,":[160],"which":[161],"conveniently":[164],"test":[167],"new":[168],"regarding":[170],"thematic":[172],"area.":[173],"sensitivity":[175],"analysis":[176],"revealed":[177],"UI":[179],"is":[180],"most":[182],"influential":[183],"parameter":[184],"followed":[185],"by":[186],"NDBI,":[187],"NDVI,":[188],"NDWI":[190],"towards":[191],"contributing":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
