{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3199523484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2021.1980125","title":"Deep neural network ensembles for remote sensing land cover and land use classification","display_name":"Deep neural network ensembles for remote sensing land cover and land use classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3199523484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2021.1980125","mag":"3199523484"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2021.1980125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2021.1980125","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2021.1980125?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2021.1980125?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030113869","display_name":"Burak Ekim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7014-1907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Burak Ekim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics, Satellite Communication and Remote Sensing Program, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics, Satellite Communication and Remote Sensing Program, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041935848","display_name":"Elif Sertel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4854-494X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elif Sertel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041935848"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1503,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92366776,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"12","first_page":"1868","last_page":"1881"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.6914629936218262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.660209596157074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6397674679756165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.5901943445205688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.5581746101379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.533829391002655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5315859913825989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.524786651134491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48571616411209106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.48188096284866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.47591978311538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4540570080280304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.43900057673454285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.4166262745857239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.2790989279747009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.14809978008270264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13099855184555054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.09368324279785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.09088176488876343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07550427317619324}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.6914629936218262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.660209596157074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6397674679756165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.5901943445205688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.5581746101379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.533829391002655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5315859913825989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.524786651134491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48571616411209106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.48188096284866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.47591978311538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4540570080280304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.43900057673454285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.4166262745857239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.2790989279747009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.14809978008270264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13099855184555054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.09368324279785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.09088176488876343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07550427317619324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2021.1980125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2021.1980125","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2021.1980125?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:66aacd09e92f4c26b3d7a56bb10754ad","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/66aacd09e92f4c26b3d7a56bb10754ad","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth, Vol 14, Iss 12, Pp 1868-1881 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:polen.itu.edu.tr:11527/50880","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11527/50880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400460","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University Academic Open Archive (Istanbul Technical University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","host_organization_name":"Istanbul Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2021.1980125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2021.1980125","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2021.1980125?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3199523484.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3199523484.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506806321","https://openalex.org/W1534477342","https://openalex.org/W1566135517","https://openalex.org/W2022747340","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2172734211","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2559655401","https://openalex.org/W2567289819","https://openalex.org/W2598912124","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2786225488","https://openalex.org/W2788838181","https://openalex.org/W2792287754","https://openalex.org/W2826794878","https://openalex.org/W2896614324","https://openalex.org/W2901029918","https://openalex.org/W2912089046","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2919352650","https://openalex.org/W2945998314","https://openalex.org/W2963173418","https://openalex.org/W2974373385","https://openalex.org/W2986943971","https://openalex.org/W2999479658","https://openalex.org/W3008439211","https://openalex.org/W3022140654","https://openalex.org/W3047908680","https://openalex.org/W3100399724","https://openalex.org/W3118525051","https://openalex.org/W6774132442"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380075502","https://openalex.org/W4223943233","https://openalex.org/W4312200629","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4380086463","https://openalex.org/W4225161397","https://openalex.org/W3014300295","https://openalex.org/W2911294201","https://openalex.org/W4288040045"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,20,53,66,71,110,118,124,127,134,137,161],"advancement":[2],"of":[3,9,55,65,70,85,117,120,126,136,182],"satellite":[4],"technology,":[5],"a":[6,83,106],"considerable":[7],"amount":[8],"very":[10],"high-resolution":[11],"imagery":[12],"has":[13],"become":[14],"available":[15],"to":[16,30,74,78,168,179],"be":[17,75],"used":[18,48],"for":[19,49,82,109,146],"Land":[21,24],"Cover":[22],"and":[23,58,68,88,104,139,143,155,176],"Use":[25],"(LCLU)":[26],"classification":[27,112,148,172],"task":[28],"aiming":[29],"categorize":[31],"remotely":[32],"sensed":[33],"images":[34],"based":[35],"on":[36,153],"their":[37],"semantic":[38],"content.":[39],"Recently,":[40],"Deep":[41,98],"Neural":[42,99],"Networks":[43],"(DNNs)":[44],"have":[45,60],"been":[46],"widely":[47],"different":[50,97],"applications":[51],"in":[52,171],"field":[54],"remote":[56],"sensing":[57,86],"they":[59],"profound":[61],"impacts;":[62],"however,":[63],"improvement":[64,116],"generalizability":[67,135],"robustness":[69],"DNNs":[72,121,166],"needs":[73],"progressed":[76],"further":[77],"achieve":[79],"higher":[80],"accuracy":[81],"variety":[84],"geometries":[87],"categories.":[89],"We":[90],"address":[91],"this":[92],"problem":[93],"by":[94,122],"deploying":[95],"three":[96],"Network":[100],"Ensemble":[101],"(DNNE)":[102],"methods":[103],"creating":[105],"comparative":[107],"analysis":[108],"LCLU":[111,147],"task.":[113],"DNNE":[114],"enables":[115],"performance":[119],"ensuring":[123],"diversity":[125],"models":[128,138],"that":[129,159],"are":[130],"combined.":[131],"Thus,":[132],"enhances":[133],"produces":[140],"more":[141],"robust":[142],"generalizable":[144],"outcomes":[145],"tasks.":[149],"The":[150],"experimental":[151],"results":[152],"NWPU-RESISC45":[154],"AID":[156],"datasets":[157],"demonstrate":[158],"utilizing":[160],"aggregated":[162],"information":[163],"from":[164],"multiple":[165],"leads":[167],"an":[169],"increase":[170],"performance,":[173],"achieves":[174],"state-of-the-art,":[175],"promotes":[177],"researchers":[178],"make":[180],"use":[181],"DNNE.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}