{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2951364142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2018.1550118","title":"Performance analysis of multi-GNSS static and RTK techniques in estimating height differences","display_name":"Performance analysis of multi-GNSS static and RTK techniques in estimating height differences","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2951364142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2018.1550118","mag":"2951364142"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2018.1550118","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2018.1550118","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012384560","display_name":"Ahmed Elaksher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8820-6649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10052268","display_name":"New Mexico State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hpz7z43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Elaksher","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015660461","display_name":"Tarig Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5884-7464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarig Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035375104","display_name":"Franck Kamtchang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franck Kamtchang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geomatics Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geomatics Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004129744","display_name":"Christian Wegmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10052268","display_name":"New Mexico State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hpz7z43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Wegmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Surveying Engineering Program, College of Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surveying Engineering Program, College of Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026065788","display_name":"Adalberto Guerrero","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10052268","display_name":"New Mexico State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hpz7z43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adalberto Guerrero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Surveying Engineering Program, College of Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surveying Engineering Program, College of Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012384560"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.1904,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97442403,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"586","last_page":"601"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.9423108100891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glonass","display_name":"GLONASS","score":0.938644528388977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.8086758852005005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geoid","display_name":"Geoid","score":0.6686476469039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.6404603719711304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-kinematic","display_name":"Real Time Kinematic","score":0.5847626328468323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5081315040588379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.48951828479766846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4886243939399719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4653666019439697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.45052629709243774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23114731907844543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18000459671020508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1618863046169281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.05711233615875244}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.9423108100891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102451475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486250","display_name":"GLONASS","level":4,"score":0.938644528388977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.8086758852005005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80989030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185969","display_name":"Geoid","level":3,"score":0.6686476469039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.6404603719711304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93103318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980965","display_name":"Real Time Kinematic","level":4,"score":0.5847626328468323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5081315040588379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.48951828479766846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4886243939399719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4653666019439697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.45052629709243774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23114731907844543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18000459671020508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1618863046169281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.05711233615875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78762247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174","display_name":"Petroleum engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113346285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804193","display_name":"Measured depth","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2018.1550118","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2018.1550118","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1b454319a4684d0493173d928540971a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1b454319a4684d0493173d928540971a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth, Vol 13, Iss 5, Pp 586-601 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W564821042","https://openalex.org/W1420151249","https://openalex.org/W1496431500","https://openalex.org/W1581277708","https://openalex.org/W1586221690","https://openalex.org/W1971736362","https://openalex.org/W1981410028","https://openalex.org/W1982067758","https://openalex.org/W1987286750","https://openalex.org/W1987503897","https://openalex.org/W2000945801","https://openalex.org/W2007702179","https://openalex.org/W2008953270","https://openalex.org/W2016214569","https://openalex.org/W2022534070","https://openalex.org/W2035335645","https://openalex.org/W2037914770","https://openalex.org/W2049681935","https://openalex.org/W2059066993","https://openalex.org/W2062175031","https://openalex.org/W2063708478","https://openalex.org/W2063718655","https://openalex.org/W2066787903","https://openalex.org/W2068657587","https://openalex.org/W2079935542","https://openalex.org/W2081321624","https://openalex.org/W2093098278","https://openalex.org/W2094280389","https://openalex.org/W2095093213","https://openalex.org/W2102084615","https://openalex.org/W2113488849","https://openalex.org/W2118727740","https://openalex.org/W2139387546","https://openalex.org/W2152972444","https://openalex.org/W2169032691","https://openalex.org/W2258250354","https://openalex.org/W2345060088","https://openalex.org/W2355720889","https://openalex.org/W2394558878","https://openalex.org/W2768337983","https://openalex.org/W2788632527","https://openalex.org/W3107208582","https://openalex.org/W3146425672","https://openalex.org/W4233969874","https://openalex.org/W4242606967","https://openalex.org/W4247376911","https://openalex.org/W4291114417","https://openalex.org/W6666516829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2587526933","https://openalex.org/W4387803436","https://openalex.org/W2390164635","https://openalex.org/W2357931400","https://openalex.org/W2492464340","https://openalex.org/W3094283247","https://openalex.org/W2014739618","https://openalex.org/W2333904869","https://openalex.org/W4288060108","https://openalex.org/W1543145586"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Establishing":[0],"reliable":[1],"elevation":[2],"differences":[3,33,70,129],"is":[4],"imperative":[5],"for":[6,34,94,155,198,206],"most":[7,172],"geoscience":[8],"and":[9,74,105,119,124,132,140,152,158,204,214],"engineering":[10],"applications.":[11,56],"This":[12],"work":[13],"has":[14],"traditionally":[15],"been":[16,25],"accomplished":[17],"through":[18,142],"spirit":[19,138],"leveling":[20],"techniques;":[21],"however,":[22],"surveyors":[23],"have":[24],"utilizing":[26],"satellite":[27],"positioning":[28],"systems":[29],"in":[30,49,54,171],"measuring":[31],"height":[32,69,188],"more":[35],"than":[36],"a":[37],"decade.":[38],"Yet":[39],"the":[40,62,117,120,174,180,199,207,222],"quality":[41],"of":[42,64,68,85],"these":[43],"heights":[44],"needs":[45],"to":[46,51],"be":[47],"evaluated":[48],"order":[50],"adopt":[52],"them":[53],"different":[55,95,193],"In":[57],"this":[58],"article,":[59],"we":[60],"present":[61],"outcome":[63],"an":[65,81,108],"accuracy":[66],"assessment":[67],"obtained":[71],"with":[72,80,90,107,134,162],"static":[73,157,181],"RTK":[75,159,194],"surveys.":[76,160],"Twenty":[77],"control":[78],"points":[79],"average":[82],"baseline":[83],"length":[84],"1":[86],"km":[87],"were":[88,100,113,130,147,168,196],"occupied":[89],"dual-frequency":[91],"GNSS":[92],"receivers":[93],"time":[96],"periods.":[97],"Collected":[98],"signals":[99],"processed":[101],"using":[102],"open-source":[103],"software":[104],"verified":[106],"online":[109],"processing":[110,116],"tool.":[111],"Heights":[112],"estimated":[114],"by":[115,137,149],"GPS":[118,151,164,175,200],"GLONASS":[121,153,166,202,208],"data":[122],"individually,":[123],"combined":[125],"(i.e.":[126],"GNSS).":[127],"Height":[128],"determined":[131],"compared":[133],"those":[135],"measured":[136],"levels":[139],"corrected":[141],"geoid":[143],"models.":[144],"Best":[145],"results":[146],"achieved":[148],"combining":[150],"solutions":[154,176,203],"both":[156],"Solutions":[161],"either":[163],"or":[165],"satellites":[167],"comparable,":[169],"but":[170],"cases,":[173],"performed":[177],"better.":[178],"For":[179],"surveys,":[182],"longer":[183],"occupation":[184],"provided":[185],"much":[186],"accurate":[187],"differences.":[189],"Inconsistencies":[190],"among":[191],"10":[192],"surveys":[195],"minimum":[197],"+":[201],"worst":[205],"solutions.":[209],"The":[210],"ANOVA,":[211],"LSD,":[212],"F,":[213],"\u03c7\u00b2":[215],"statistical":[216],"tests":[217],"confirmed":[218],"our":[219],"findings":[220],"at":[221],"95%":[223],"confidence":[224],"level.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
