{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2621614773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2017.1336578","title":"Quantifying individual tree growth and tree competition using bi-temporal airborne laser scanning data: a case study in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California","display_name":"Quantifying individual tree growth and tree competition using bi-temporal airborne laser scanning data: a case study in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2621614773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2017.1336578","mag":"2621614773"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2017.1336578","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2017.1336578","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101984998","display_name":"Qin Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6995-6663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156087764","display_name":"University of California, Merced","ror":"https://ror.org/00d9ah105","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6995-6663","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083755109","display_name":"Yanjun Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7931-339X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156087764","display_name":"University of California, Merced","ror":"https://ror.org/00d9ah105","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanjun Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7931-339X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000188277","display_name":"Shengli Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2145-4736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158097","display_name":"Institute of Botany","ror":"https://ror.org/05hr3ch11","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210158097"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengli Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China","State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210158097"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qinghua Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9589-6078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156087764","display_name":"University of California, Merced","ror":"https://ror.org/00d9ah105","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158097","display_name":"Institute of Botany","ror":"https://ror.org/05hr3ch11","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210158097"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qinghua Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA, USA","State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9589-6078","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210158097"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210158097"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9357,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83854455,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"5","first_page":"485","last_page":"503"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.7401219010353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition","display_name":"Competition (biology)","score":0.6008694171905518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crown","display_name":"Crown (dentistry)","score":0.5533777475357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.5445660352706909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-canopy","display_name":"Tree canopy","score":0.4491646885871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-statistics","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","score":0.44243699312210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4169042110443115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stand-development","display_name":"Stand development","score":0.41001346707344055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.39049696922302246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.38107606768608093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.33475571870803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.33238744735717773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.3170129656791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.30610334873199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2863231897354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.21697616577148438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.115445077419281}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.7401219010353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6008694171905518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778400979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143720","display_name":"Crown (dentistry)","level":2,"score":0.5533777475357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.5445660352706909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39807119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134228","display_name":"Tree canopy","level":3,"score":0.4491646885871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.44243699312210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4169042110443115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776853598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7598136","display_name":"Stand development","level":2,"score":0.41001346707344055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.39049696922302246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.38107606768608093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.33475571870803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.33238744735717773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.3170129656791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30610334873199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2863231897354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.21697616577148438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.115445077419281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/17538947.2017.1336578","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2017.1336578","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199162493","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","issn_l":"1753-8947","issn":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:91a79de8afd94cb4a43e48be1921194e","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/91a79de8afd94cb4a43e48be1921194e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Earth, Vol 11, Iss 5, Pp 485-503 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.ibcas.ac.cn:2S10CLM1/20094","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ir.ibcas.ac.cn/handle/2S10CLM1/20094","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.ibcas.ac.cn:2S10CLM1/20513","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ir.ibcas.ac.cn/handle/2S10CLM1/20513","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5029281513","display_name":"ABI Development: Forest3D - an open source platform for lidar applications in forestry","funder_award_id":"1356077","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7024582834","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u5730\u9762\u6fc0\u5149\u96f7\u8fbe\u7684\u68ee\u6797\u7ed3\u6784\u53c2\u6570\u63d0\u53d6\u548c\u771f\u5b9e\u666f\u89c2\u4e09\u7ef4\u5efa\u6a21\u6574\u5408\u6027\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"41471363","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W123251791","https://openalex.org/W181107242","https://openalex.org/W205563881","https://openalex.org/W301075467","https://openalex.org/W322010548","https://openalex.org/W1480003261","https://openalex.org/W1496824059","https://openalex.org/W1504087729","https://openalex.org/W1513618424","https://openalex.org/W1535597116","https://openalex.org/W1603114333","https://openalex.org/W1797672601","https://openalex.org/W1972270064","https://openalex.org/W1972349707","https://openalex.org/W1981646498","https://openalex.org/W1986623698","https://openalex.org/W1987344434","https://openalex.org/W1992635475","https://openalex.org/W1994300546","https://openalex.org/W2002289264","https://openalex.org/W2014785203","https://openalex.org/W2020254060","https://openalex.org/W2021189859","https://openalex.org/W2022925498","https://openalex.org/W2042891401","https://openalex.org/W2052428242","https://openalex.org/W2055357707","https://openalex.org/W2056871211","https://openalex.org/W2065258204","https://openalex.org/W2076712994","https://openalex.org/W2078607270","https://openalex.org/W2083522030","https://openalex.org/W2083734357","https://openalex.org/W2086783159","https://openalex.org/W2087667361","https://openalex.org/W2094857592","https://openalex.org/W2099792467","https://openalex.org/W2109850379","https://openalex.org/W2114162123","https://openalex.org/W2115732295","https://openalex.org/W2117966692","https://openalex.org/W2127363356","https://openalex.org/W2133160971","https://openalex.org/W2137882837","https://openalex.org/W2138027502","https://openalex.org/W2139053550","https://openalex.org/W2142635246","https://openalex.org/W2143296882","https://openalex.org/W2151843635","https://openalex.org/W2157173445","https://openalex.org/W2161263303","https://openalex.org/W2165148193","https://openalex.org/W2166181196","https://openalex.org/W2168053022","https://openalex.org/W2173164864","https://openalex.org/W2182338843","https://openalex.org/W2192961028","https://openalex.org/W2224722989","https://openalex.org/W2275476000","https://openalex.org/W2281655291","https://openalex.org/W2283756813","https://openalex.org/W2302803999","https://openalex.org/W2325115425","https://openalex.org/W2328428800","https://openalex.org/W2342299051","https://openalex.org/W2346308355","https://openalex.org/W2397934271","https://openalex.org/W2400109505","https://openalex.org/W2472610039","https://openalex.org/W2499132586","https://openalex.org/W2506394576","https://openalex.org/W2510634777","https://openalex.org/W2513562457","https://openalex.org/W2523353497","https://openalex.org/W2543009020","https://openalex.org/W2582743722","https://openalex.org/W3034064749","https://openalex.org/W4251431888","https://openalex.org/W4297969572","https://openalex.org/W4391048313"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482145300","https://openalex.org/W3168021885","https://openalex.org/W2045211767","https://openalex.org/W2056219210","https://openalex.org/W2383716249","https://openalex.org/W23916517","https://openalex.org/W4386506415","https://openalex.org/W2497950047","https://openalex.org/W1998329507","https://openalex.org/W2115519510"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Improved":[0],"monitoring":[1],"and":[2,7,30,41,54,74,95,104,124,136,150,185,200],"understanding":[3],"of":[4,32],"tree":[5,16,52,63,75,92,99,113,131,168,180,197],"growth":[6,17,53,64,93,201],"its":[8],"responses":[9],"to":[10,26,50,61,129,139,155,166,193],"controlling":[11,96,121],"factors":[12,97],"are":[13],"important":[14],"for":[15,77,182],"modeling.":[18],"Airborne":[19],"Laser":[20],"Scanning":[21],"(ALS)":[22],"can":[23],"be":[24],"used":[25,60],"enhance":[27],"the":[28,89,111,146,188],"efficiency":[29],"accuracy":[31],"large-scale":[33],"forest":[34,39,102],"surveys":[35],"in":[36,65,81],"delineating":[37],"three-dimensional":[38],"structures":[40],"under-canopy":[42],"terrains.":[43],"This":[44],"study":[45],"proposed":[46],"an":[47],"ALS-based":[48,196],"framework":[49],"quantify":[51,62],"competition.":[55],"Bi-temporal":[56],"ALS":[57],"data":[58],"were":[59,126,152,176,204],"height":[66,198],"(\u0394H),":[67],"crown":[68,71],"area":[69],"(\u0394A),":[70],"volume":[72],"(\u0394V),":[73],"competition":[76,140],"114,000":[78],"individual":[79,112,179],"trees":[80],"two":[82],"conifer-dominant":[83],"Sierra":[84],"Nevada":[85],"forests.":[86],"We":[87],"analyzed":[88],"correlations":[90,119],"between":[91],"attributes":[94],"(i.e.":[98],"sizes,":[100],"competition,":[101],"structure,":[103],"topographic":[105,156],"parameters)":[106],"at":[107,178],"multiple":[108],"levels.":[109],"At":[110,145],"level,":[114,148],"\u0394H":[115,149],"had":[116],"no":[117],"consistent":[118,205],"with":[120,187,206],"factors,":[122],"\u0394A":[123,151],"\u0394V":[125,162,186],"positively":[127,164],"related":[128,138,165],"original":[130,167],"sizes":[132,169],"(R":[133,142],">":[134,160,171],"0.3)":[135],"negatively":[137],"indices":[141],"<":[143],"\u22120.3).":[144],"forest-stand":[147],"highly":[153],"correlated":[154],"wetness":[157],"index":[158],"(|R|":[159,170],"0.7),":[161],"was":[163],"0.8).":[172],"Multivariate":[173],"regression":[174],"models":[175],"simulated":[177],"level":[181],"\u0394H,":[183],"\u0394A,":[184],"R2":[189],"ranged":[190],"from":[191],"0.1":[192],"0.43.":[194],"The":[195],"estimation":[199],"analysis":[202],"results":[203],"field":[207],"measurements.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
