{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2012241661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17486700903010157","title":"Web\u2010StrabNet: A Web\u2010Based Expert System for the Differential Diagnosis of Vertical Strabismus (Squint)","display_name":"Web\u2010StrabNet: A Web\u2010Based Expert System for the Differential Diagnosis of Vertical Strabismus (Squint)","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2012241661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17486700903010157","mag":"2012241661"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17486700903010157","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1080/17486700903010157","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2010/190695.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36980176","display_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","issn_l":"1748-670X","issn":["1748-670X","1748-6718"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2010/190695.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035507294","display_name":"Anthony C. Fisher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9086-8812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802775644","display_name":"Royal Liverpool University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01ycr6b80","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802729160","https://openalex.org/I2802775644"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. C. Fisher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK;","Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802775644","https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802775644","https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006942980","display_name":"Stephen P. Lake","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802775644","display_name":"Royal Liverpool University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01ycr6b80","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802729160","https://openalex.org/I2802775644"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. P. Lake","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK;","Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802775644","https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802775644","https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029700482","display_name":"I. Cunningham","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288882113","display_name":"Boston Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00dvg7y05","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. P. Cunningham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vision Assessment Unit, Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK","Vision Assessment Unit, Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology , Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital , Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vision Assessment Unit, Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vision Assessment Unit, Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology , Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital , Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042425327","display_name":"Arvind Chandna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8554-6931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288882113","display_name":"Boston Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00dvg7y05","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Chandna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vision Assessment Unit, Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK","Vision Assessment Unit, Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology , Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital , Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vision Assessment Unit, Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vision Assessment Unit, Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology , Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital , Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035507294"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781","https://openalex.org/I2802775644"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12432012,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"89","last_page":"97"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11538","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders","score":0.840399980545044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11538","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders","score":0.840399980545044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14134","display_name":"Medical and Biological Sciences","score":0.7818999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2702","display_name":"Anatomy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strabismus","display_name":"Strabismus","score":0.7998881340026855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6194413900375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.5627618432044983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application","display_name":"Web application","score":0.45522698760032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","score":0.4478340446949005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.18021130561828613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.11285275220870972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07982179522514343}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776864138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7620839","display_name":"Strabismus","level":2,"score":0.7998881340026855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6194413900375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.5627618432044983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.45522698760032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.4478340446949005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.18021130561828613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.11285275220870972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07982179522514343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/17486700903010157","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1080/17486700903010157","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2010/190695.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36980176","display_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","issn_l":"1748-670X","issn":["1748-670X","1748-6718"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9e4b8ae080474d49b527e90df8f641f3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9e4b8ae080474d49b527e90df8f641f3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 89-97 (2010)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hindawi.com:10.1080/17486700903010157","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17486700903010157","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400340","display_name":"Hindawi Journal of Chemistry (Hindawi)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210126990","host_organization_name":"Hindawi (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Original Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17486700903010157","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1080/17486700903010157","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2010/190695.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36980176","display_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","issn_l":"1748-670X","issn":["1748-670X","1748-6718"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2012241661.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2012241661.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36932578","https://openalex.org/W1591256942","https://openalex.org/W2063127798","https://openalex.org/W2142902245","https://openalex.org/W2979164932","https://openalex.org/W6601767423"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4386462773","https://openalex.org/W2365943386","https://openalex.org/W4387618757","https://openalex.org/W2224494190","https://openalex.org/W3167830641","https://openalex.org/W2990152069","https://openalex.org/W2411640074","https://openalex.org/W2791748488"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,85],"squint,":[1],"also":[2],"known":[3],"as":[4,137,239],"strabismus,":[5],"is":[6,69,76,90,105,183,200,231,236],"a":[7,100,155,186,255],"condition":[8],"where":[9],"the":[10,19,62,67,80,93,96,108,138,143,161,166,180,190,205,281],"eyes":[11],"are":[12,46,115,171],"misaligned":[13],"because":[14],"of":[15,74,87,103,113,125,150,157,163,169,194,208,214,257,265],"incorrect":[16],"balance":[17],"in":[18,79,99,117,142,160,176,189,222,233,277],"controlling":[20],"eye":[21,35,94],"muscles.":[22],"This":[23,228],"may":[24],"result":[25],"from":[26,146],"muscular,":[27],"neuromuscular":[28],"or":[29,41],"purely":[30],"mechanical":[31],"factors.":[32],"An":[33],"affected":[34],"will":[36],"have":[37],"either":[38],"predominating":[39],"vertical":[40],"horizontal":[42,54],"deviation.":[43],"Vertical":[44],"deviations":[45],"usually":[47,77],"classified":[48],"into":[49,55],"eight":[50],"classes":[51],"(diagnoses)":[52],"and":[53,95,127,235,267,272,275,283],"10.":[56],"The":[57,71,132],"present":[58],"work":[59],"considers":[60],"only":[61],"former":[63],"but":[64],"extension":[65],"to":[66,92,130,173,196],"latter":[68],"straightforward.":[70],"differential":[72,206],"diagnosis":[73,207],"strabismus":[75,209],"achieved":[78],"prism":[81],"cover":[82],"test":[83,88],"(PCT).":[84],"range":[86],"prisms":[89,124],"presented":[91],"resulting":[97],"deviation":[98],"particular":[101],"direction":[102],"gaze":[104,114,170],"observed.":[106],"In":[107],"full":[109],"PCT,":[110],"10":[111,151,195],"positions":[112,168],"considered:":[116],"each":[118,153],"position":[119],"there":[120],"are,":[121],"say,":[122],"40":[123],"plus":[126],"minus":[128],"power":[129],"investigate.":[131],"problem":[133],"can":[134],"be":[135],"expressed":[136],"inference":[139],"1\u2010of\u20108":[140],"diagnoses":[141],"output":[144],"space":[145,149,192],"an":[147,201,240,249],"input":[148,191],"parameters":[152],"with":[154,269],"resolution":[156],"1\u2010in\u201080.":[158],"However,":[159],"majority":[162],"clinical":[164,226,278],"examinations,":[165],"corner\u2010most":[167],"difficult":[172],"assess,":[174],"particularly":[175],"children.":[177],"Therefore,":[178],"frequently":[179],"6\u2010position":[181,284],"subset":[182,285],"reported":[184],"requiring":[185],"corresponding":[187],"reduction":[188],"dimensions":[193],"6.":[197],"Web\u2010StrabNet":[198],"\u00a9":[199,247],"expert":[202,230],"system":[203],"for":[204,280],"based":[210],"on":[211,218],"parallel":[212],"instances":[213],"multi\u2010layer":[215],"perceptrons":[216],"trained":[217],"exemplar":[219],"data":[220,271],"generated":[221],"consensus":[223],"by":[224],"two":[225],"experts.":[227],"machine":[229],"programmed":[232],"MatLab\u2122":[234],"freely":[237],"available":[238],"Internet":[241],"website":[242],"(www.strabnet.com)":[243],"which":[244],"uses":[245],"MatSOAP":[246],",":[248],"XML/SOAP":[250],"accessible":[251],"automation":[252],"server":[253],"running":[254],"number":[256],"simultaneous":[258],"MatLab":[259],"instances.":[260],"StrabNet":[261],"achieves":[262],"diagnostic":[263],"accuracies":[264],"100":[266],">94%":[268],"artificial":[270],"typically":[273],"\u223c99":[274],"\u223c99%":[276],"data\u2010sets":[279],"10\u2010position":[282],"PCT\u2032s,":[286],"respectively.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}