{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3206637528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17477778.2021.1982653","title":"Feedback density and causal complexity of simulation model structure","display_name":"Feedback density and causal complexity of simulation model structure","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3206637528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17477778.2021.1982653","mag":"3206637528"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17477778.2021.1982653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17477778.2021.1982653","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17477778.2021.1982653?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207180383","display_name":"Journal of Simulation","issn_l":"1747-7778","issn":["1747-7778","1747-7786","1774-7786"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Simulation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17477778.2021.1982653?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045356775","display_name":"Asmeret Naugle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9203-9049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Asmeret Naugle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Intelligence Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Intelligence Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074294924","display_name":"Stephen Verzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2152-851X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Verzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems Research, Analysis, & Applications Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems Research, Analysis, & Applications Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088200494","display_name":"Kiran Lakkaraju","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kiran Lakkaraju","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems Research & Analysis Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems Research & Analysis Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031951344","display_name":"Laura Swiler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6385-2241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Swiler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Optimization & UQ Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Optimization & UQ Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050533148","display_name":"Christina Warrender","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christina Warrender","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive & Emerging Computing Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive & Emerging Computing Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067797706","display_name":"Michael L. Bernard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8554-2241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Bernard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Military Systems Analysis Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Military Systems Analysis Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108025180","display_name":"Vicente Jesus Segui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7458-7658"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vicente Romero","raw_affiliation_strings":["V&V, UQ, & Credibility Processes Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"V&V, UQ, & Credibility Processes Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045356775"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6152,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8427208,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"229","last_page":"239"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11810","display_name":"Complex Systems and Decision Making","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7840666174888611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyclomatic-complexity","display_name":"Cyclomatic complexity","score":0.6873810291290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-model","display_name":"Causal model","score":0.6851867437362671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.638310968875885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.5851159691810608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-structure","display_name":"Causal structure","score":0.5513930320739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5057387351989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.4851982891559601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.22751307487487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.202424556016922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15642288327217102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.0767340362071991}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7840666174888611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187303228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867330","display_name":"Cyclomatic complexity","level":3,"score":0.6873810291290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.6851867437362671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.638310968875885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5851159691810608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163504300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364925","display_name":"Causal structure","level":2,"score":0.5513930320739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5057387351989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4851982891559601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.22751307487487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.202424556016922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15642288327217102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0767340362071991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/17477778.2021.1982653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17477778.2021.1982653","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17477778.2021.1982653?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207180383","display_name":"Journal of Simulation","issn_l":"1747-7778","issn":["1747-7778","1747-7786","1774-7786"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Simulation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1828789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1828789","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1828789","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:taf:tjsmxx:v:17:y:2023:i:3:p:229-239","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17477778.2021.1982653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17477778.2021.1982653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17477778.2021.1982653","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17477778.2021.1982653?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207180383","display_name":"Journal of Simulation","issn_l":"1747-7778","issn":["1747-7778","1747-7786","1774-7786"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Simulation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1249918705","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HR0011937661","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2209453243","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2214935549","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","funder_display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G288067973","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G336692854","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3437464539","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA000352","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","funder_display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4903105778","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4947178736","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5211897158","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","funder_display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5339743583","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","funder_display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G648530007","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA000352","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","funder_display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7863251110","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8279418378","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","funder_display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8327087819","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"011937","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/03sk1we31"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3206637528.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3206637528.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W20811199","https://openalex.org/W35283131","https://openalex.org/W155945433","https://openalex.org/W1533535641","https://openalex.org/W1550696814","https://openalex.org/W1574481392","https://openalex.org/W1577352482","https://openalex.org/W1643957516","https://openalex.org/W1964962870","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1968384513","https://openalex.org/W1970181215","https://openalex.org/W1971494951","https://openalex.org/W1977578104","https://openalex.org/W1984976654","https://openalex.org/W1991642024","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W1998017916","https://openalex.org/W2014183576","https://openalex.org/W2023303187","https://openalex.org/W2025760344","https://openalex.org/W2028149349","https://openalex.org/W2036613247","https://openalex.org/W2036745839","https://openalex.org/W2051163637","https://openalex.org/W2057492985","https://openalex.org/W2058702778","https://openalex.org/W2059392304","https://openalex.org/W2068883935","https://openalex.org/W2070701946","https://openalex.org/W2083342911","https://openalex.org/W2088461543","https://openalex.org/W2114535528","https://openalex.org/W2121991520","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2160475280","https://openalex.org/W2162907113","https://openalex.org/W2228137423","https://openalex.org/W2295278941","https://openalex.org/W2341760625","https://openalex.org/W2401610261","https://openalex.org/W2537359927","https://openalex.org/W2547621596","https://openalex.org/W2550742538","https://openalex.org/W2570573182","https://openalex.org/W2789733307","https://openalex.org/W2942628594","https://openalex.org/W2988934653","https://openalex.org/W3047053712","https://openalex.org/W3082228009","https://openalex.org/W3117385319","https://openalex.org/W3146734148","https://openalex.org/W3149751866","https://openalex.org/W4231410305","https://openalex.org/W4232166475","https://openalex.org/W4239919870","https://openalex.org/W4239977495","https://openalex.org/W4247938681","https://openalex.org/W4302771278","https://openalex.org/W6606281467","https://openalex.org/W6737919741"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161504683","https://openalex.org/W2093587551","https://openalex.org/W2477954850","https://openalex.org/W4307313254","https://openalex.org/W2740541622","https://openalex.org/W2784306284","https://openalex.org/W2124859246","https://openalex.org/W1985230145","https://openalex.org/W3169419898","https://openalex.org/W4386620154"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Measures":[0],"of":[1,14,60,90,93,105,110,124,128,169],"simulation":[2,61,153],"model":[3],"complexity":[4,13,77,86,136,144,150,181],"generally":[5],"focus":[6],"on":[7,152,183],"outputs;":[8],"we":[9,35,69,147],"propose":[10],"measuring":[11,31,178],"the":[12,48,53,91,103,125],"a":[15,37,41,74,88,107,122,141,175,184],"model\u2019s":[16,42,75,185],"causal":[17,32,43,49,76,80,94,111,129,143],"structure":[18,44,56,81,95],"to":[19],"gain":[20],"insight":[21],"into":[22,140],"its":[23,79],"fundamental":[24,108,186],"character.":[25],"This":[26],"article":[27],"introduces":[28],"tools":[29,165],"for":[30,39,72,177],"complexity.":[33],"First,":[34],"introduce":[36,97],"method":[38],"developing":[40],"diagram,":[45],"which":[46],"characterises":[47],"interactions":[50],"present":[51],"in":[52],"code.":[54],"Causal":[55],"diagrams":[57],"facilitate":[58],"comparison":[59,168],"models,":[62],"including":[63],"those":[64],"from":[65,155],"different":[66],"paradigms.":[67],"Next,":[68],"develop":[70],"metrics":[71,100,151],"evaluating":[73],"using":[78],"diagram.":[82],"We":[83],"discuss":[84,159],"cyclomatic":[85,135],"as":[87],"measure":[89,123],"intricacy":[92],"and":[96,137,158,162,173,179,188],"two":[98],"new":[99,115],"that":[101],"incorporate":[102],"concept":[104],"feedback,":[106],"component":[109],"structure.":[112,130],"The":[113,131],"first":[114],"metric":[116,133],"introduced":[117],"here":[118],"is":[119],"feedback":[120,138],"density,":[121],"cycle-based":[126],"interconnectedness":[127],"second":[132],"combines":[134],"density":[139],"comprehensive":[142],"measure.":[145],"Finally,":[146],"demonstrate":[148],"these":[149],"models":[154,170],"multiple":[156],"paradigms":[157,172],"potential":[160],"uses":[161],"interpretations.":[163],"These":[164],"enable":[166],"direct":[167],"across":[171],"provide":[174],"mechanism":[176],"discussing":[180],"based":[182],"assumptions":[187],"design.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
