{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408220211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17445760.2025.2472211","title":"Reservoir computing benchmarks: a tutorial review and critique","display_name":"Reservoir computing benchmarks: a tutorial review and critique","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408220211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17445760.2025.2472211"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17445760.2025.2472211","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17445760.2025.2472211","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85375271","display_name":"International Journal of Parallel Emergent and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1744-5760","issn":["1744-5760","1744-5779"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067228619","display_name":"Chester Wringe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chester Wringe","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of York","Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056241158","display_name":"Martin A. Trefzer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6196-6832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Trefzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of York","School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6196-6832","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031800049","display_name":"Susan Stepney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3146-5401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Susan Stepney","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of York","Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3146-5401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031800049"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":31.37,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99636315,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"4","first_page":"313","last_page":"351"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9606000185012817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8505280017852783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.43895429372787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.403251051902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3287811279296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3284797966480255}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8505280017852783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.43895429372787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.403251051902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3287811279296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3284797966480255}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/17445760.2025.2472211","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17445760.2025.2472211","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85375271","display_name":"International Journal of Parallel Emergent and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1744-5760","issn":["1744-5760","1744-5779"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2303768492","display_name":"MARCH: Magnetic Architectures for Reservoir Computing Hardware","funder_award_id":"EP/V006029/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310935","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":112,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W48447644","https://openalex.org/W117918019","https://openalex.org/W1480485976","https://openalex.org/W1487127700","https://openalex.org/W1493390584","https://openalex.org/W1522456329","https://openalex.org/W1532044016","https://openalex.org/W1537758823","https://openalex.org/W1919767399","https://openalex.org/W1923035318","https://openalex.org/W1965702053","https://openalex.org/W1971066582","https://openalex.org/W1974387177","https://openalex.org/W1977664984","https://openalex.org/W1978845507","https://openalex.org/W1982014231","https://openalex.org/W1982999858","https://openalex.org/W1985592194","https://openalex.org/W1986237366","https://openalex.org/W1986964674","https://openalex.org/W1987299193","https://openalex.org/W1991156379","https://openalex.org/W2001263627","https://openalex.org/W2007123500","https://openalex.org/W2012782496","https://openalex.org/W2021890002","https://openalex.org/W2022175477","https://openalex.org/W2022248835","https://openalex.org/W2027347130","https://openalex.org/W2031645826","https://openalex.org/W2036451492","https://openalex.org/W2049967935","https://openalex.org/W2065625684","https://openalex.org/W2071313546","https://openalex.org/W2078474809","https://openalex.org/W2079329690","https://openalex.org/W2094631910","https://openalex.org/W2103179919","https://openalex.org/W2103442863","https://openalex.org/W2105563853","https://openalex.org/W2105580042","https://openalex.org/W2111044115","https://openalex.org/W2113132555","https://openalex.org/W2118706537","https://openalex.org/W2121034421","https://openalex.org/W2122242843","https://openalex.org/W2125303539","https://openalex.org/W2134603460","https://openalex.org/W2135691157","https://openalex.org/W2137782470","https://openalex.org/W2141394518","https://openalex.org/W2147107577","https://openalex.org/W2158787087","https://openalex.org/W2159682675","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2164891816","https://openalex.org/W2169762136","https://openalex.org/W2170993585","https://openalex.org/W2171306489","https://openalex.org/W2177933918","https://openalex.org/W2272508502","https://openalex.org/W2273739528","https://openalex.org/W2505749228","https://openalex.org/W2520280309","https://openalex.org/W2605288757","https://openalex.org/W2734849756","https://openalex.org/W2745578724","https://openalex.org/W2765128778","https://openalex.org/W2772397789","https://openalex.org/W2782714865","https://openalex.org/W2788403524","https://openalex.org/W2811025308","https://openalex.org/W2887258823","https://openalex.org/W2896714202","https://openalex.org/W2896916590","https://openalex.org/W2905985412","https://openalex.org/W2950309905","https://openalex.org/W2951386065","https://openalex.org/W2963071256","https://openalex.org/W2966821175","https://openalex.org/W2979589704","https://openalex.org/W3002979339","https://openalex.org/W3012621877","https://openalex.org/W3099119964","https://openalex.org/W3099852670","https://openalex.org/W3104154834","https://openalex.org/W3105585588","https://openalex.org/W3105906777","https://openalex.org/W3105919389","https://openalex.org/W3106539486","https://openalex.org/W3119055764","https://openalex.org/W3120556073","https://openalex.org/W3123104785","https://openalex.org/W3132981808","https://openalex.org/W3133750737","https://openalex.org/W3155801056","https://openalex.org/W3177447790","https://openalex.org/W3195351062","https://openalex.org/W3198294736","https://openalex.org/W3202797194","https://openalex.org/W3207651754","https://openalex.org/W3215054290","https://openalex.org/W4210925605","https://openalex.org/W4221096628","https://openalex.org/W4283773174","https://openalex.org/W4294990986","https://openalex.org/W4367835964","https://openalex.org/W4392498941","https://openalex.org/W4399725627","https://openalex.org/W4404366933","https://openalex.org/W4407812573","https://openalex.org/W6765544519"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reservoir":[0],"Computing":[1],"is":[2,36],"an":[3],"Unconventional":[4],"Computation":[5],"model":[6],"to":[7,83,104],"perform":[8],"computation":[9],"on":[10],"various":[11],"different":[12],"substrates,":[13],"such":[14],"as":[15,81],"recurrent":[16],"neural":[17],"networks":[18],"or":[19],"physical":[20],"materials.":[21],"The":[22],"method":[23],"takes":[24],"a":[25,67],"\u2018black-box\u2019":[26],"approach,":[27],"training":[28],"only":[29],"the":[30,33,42,55,60,79,105,108],"outputs":[31],"of":[32,45,62,69,76,107],"system":[34],"it":[35],"built":[37],"on.":[38],"As":[39],"such,":[40],"evaluating":[41],"computational":[43],"capacity":[44],"these":[46],"systems":[47],"can":[48],"be":[49,102],"challenging.":[50],"We":[51,65,72,92],"review":[52,73],"and":[53,86,90,98],"critique":[54],"evaluation":[56],"methods":[57],"used":[58],"in":[59,95],"field":[61],"reservoir":[63,84,109],"computing.":[64],"introduce":[66],"categorisation":[68],"benchmark":[70],"tasks.":[71],"multiple":[74],"examples":[75],"benchmarks":[77,97],"from":[78],"literature":[80],"applied":[82],"computing,":[85],"note":[87],"their":[88,99],"strengths":[89],"shortcomings.":[91],"suggest":[93],"ways":[94],"which":[96],"uses":[100],"may":[101],"improved":[103],"benefit":[106],"computing":[110],"community.":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T15:57:00.446498","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}