{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3035845777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2020.1775836","title":"Geographically and temporally neural network weighted regression for modeling spatiotemporal non-stationary relationships","display_name":"Geographically and temporally neural network weighted regression for modeling spatiotemporal non-stationary relationships","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3035845777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2020.1775836","mag":"3035845777"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/13658816.2020.1775836","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2020.1775836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085580167","display_name":"Sensen Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9322-0149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sensen Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China","School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9322-0149","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100663794","display_name":"Zhongyi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5609-8954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongyi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5609-8954","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069094261","display_name":"Zhenhong Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9449-0415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhong Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China","School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9449-0415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100705731","display_name":"Bo Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5063-3522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong","Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100401308","display_name":"Feng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1475-8480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China","School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1475-8480","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102930211","display_name":"Renyi Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renyi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China","School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4001-4266","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069094261"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.3174,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":122,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97887517,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"3","first_page":"582","last_page":"608"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11911","display_name":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11911","display_name":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.973800003528595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9710999727249146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographically-weighted-regression","display_name":"Geographically Weighted Regression","score":0.670852780342102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5873769521713257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.5457141399383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.49161773920059204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.44863361120224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36921292543411255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3495980203151703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.34090375900268555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33896827697753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3087368607521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24006003141403198}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910321205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geographically Weighted Regression","level":2,"score":0.670852780342102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5873769521713257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5457141399383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.49161773920059204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.44863361120224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36921292543411255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3495980203151703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.34090375900268555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33896827697753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3087368607521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24006003141403198}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/13658816.2020.1775836","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2020.1775836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1016183770","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41871287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3603946509","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41922043","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4844774689","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019QNA3013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1598151839","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1773028378","https://openalex.org/W1829241487","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1971794754","https://openalex.org/W1976840258","https://openalex.org/W1979683229","https://openalex.org/W2023988450","https://openalex.org/W2046607127","https://openalex.org/W2047120335","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2134006231","https://openalex.org/W2148227415","https://openalex.org/W2511581002","https://openalex.org/W2546776719","https://openalex.org/W2559999825","https://openalex.org/W2561500101","https://openalex.org/W2580294918","https://openalex.org/W2581573439","https://openalex.org/W2724535175","https://openalex.org/W2747207142","https://openalex.org/W2771584858","https://openalex.org/W2793167459","https://openalex.org/W2868265858","https://openalex.org/W2886765247","https://openalex.org/W2895778259","https://openalex.org/W2902003317","https://openalex.org/W2902093392","https://openalex.org/W2912855477","https://openalex.org/W2917616628","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2920891161","https://openalex.org/W2949117887","https://openalex.org/W2973809876","https://openalex.org/W2977939360","https://openalex.org/W2981890053","https://openalex.org/W2984362552","https://openalex.org/W2995502148","https://openalex.org/W2998570674","https://openalex.org/W3005960504","https://openalex.org/W3114326599","https://openalex.org/W4205947740"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4399638395","https://openalex.org/W3015453265","https://openalex.org/W2329292098","https://openalex.org/W4365510477","https://openalex.org/W1881074467","https://openalex.org/W2238134912","https://openalex.org/W2962729050","https://openalex.org/W2148169128","https://openalex.org/W3037629944","https://openalex.org/W4394603171"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Geographically":[0],"weighted":[1,8,87,96],"regression":[2,9,88,97,144],"(GWR)":[3],"and":[4,6,28,39,63,83,124,148,162,186],"geographically":[5,82,93],"temporally":[7,84],"(GTWR)":[10],"are":[11],"classic":[12],"methods":[13,20],"for":[14],"estimating":[15],"non-stationary":[16,110,170],"relationships.":[17,111,171],"Although":[18],"these":[19],"have":[21],"been":[22],"widely":[23],"used":[24],"in":[25,34,49,73,127,182],"geographical":[26,184],"modeling":[27,126],"spatiotemporal":[29,54,66,109,169,180],"analysis,":[30],"they":[31],"face":[32],"challenges":[33],"adequately":[35],"expressing":[36],"space-time":[37,79],"proximity":[38,67],"constructing":[40],"a":[41,65],"kernel":[42],"with":[43,99,141],"optimal":[44],"weights.":[45],"This":[46],"probably":[47],"results":[48,152],"an":[50],"insufficient":[51],"estimation":[52],"of":[53,121,130],"non-stationarity.":[55],"To":[56,112],"address":[57],"complex":[58,179],"non-linear":[59],"interactions":[60],"between":[61],"time":[62],"space,":[64],"neural":[68,85,94],"network":[69,86,95],"(STPNN)":[70],"is":[71,103],"proposed":[72,101],"this":[74],"paper":[75],"to":[76,106,177],"accurately":[77],"generate":[78],"distance.":[80],"A":[81],"(GTNNWR)":[89],"model":[90,108,135],"that":[91,154],"extends":[92],"(GNNWR)":[98],"the":[100,159,175],"STPNN":[102],"then":[104],"developed":[105],"effectively":[107],"examine":[113],"its":[114],"performance,":[115],"we":[116],"conducted":[117],"two":[118],"case":[119],"studies":[120],"simulated":[122],"datasets":[123],"environmental":[125,187],"coastal":[128],"areas":[129],"Zhejiang,":[131],"China.":[132],"The":[133,151],"GTNNWR":[134,155,173],"was":[136],"fully":[137],"evaluated":[138],"by":[139],"comparing":[140],"ordinary":[142],"linear":[143],"(OLR),":[145],"GWR,":[146],"GNNWR,":[147],"GTWR":[149],"models.":[150],"demonstrated":[153],"not":[156],"only":[157],"achieved":[158],"best":[160],"fitting":[161],"prediction":[163],"performance":[164],"but":[165],"also":[166],"exactly":[167],"quantified":[168],"Further,":[172],"has":[174],"potential":[176],"handle":[178],"non-stationarity":[181],"various":[183],"processes":[185],"phenomena.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}