{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2768312403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2017.1404605","title":"Assessing trends and seasonal changes in elephant poaching risk at the small area level using spatio-temporal Bayesian modeling","display_name":"Assessing trends and seasonal changes in elephant poaching risk at the small area level using spatio-temporal Bayesian modeling","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2768312403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2017.1404605","mag":"2768312403"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/13658816.2017.1404605","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2017.1404605","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13658816.2017.1404605?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13658816.2017.1404605?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035043424","display_name":"Parinaz Rashidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0898-0942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Parinaz Rashidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073807486","display_name":"Andrew K. Skidmore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7446-8429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["AU","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Skidmore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia","Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100438109","display_name":"Tiejun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1138-8464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiejun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047127960","display_name":"Roshanak Darvishzadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7512-0574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roshanak Darvishzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047092804","display_name":"Shadrack Ngene","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3788-6293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146161461","display_name":"Kenya Wildlife Service","ror":"https://ror.org/01w9cfb64","country_code":"KE","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146161461"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shadrack Ngene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biodiversity Research and Monitoring, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biodiversity Research and Monitoring, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146161461"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037139982","display_name":"Anton Vrieling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7979-1540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anton Vrieling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035043424"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0756,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78969575,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"3","first_page":"622","last_page":"636"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12644","display_name":"Wildlife-Road Interactions and Conservation","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11560","display_name":"Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poaching","display_name":"Poaching","score":0.9852545857429504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wildlife","display_name":"Wildlife","score":0.6708144545555115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.6001172065734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.4620283246040344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dry-season","display_name":"Dry season","score":0.4458608031272888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-resource-management","display_name":"Environmental resource management","score":0.35746699571609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.34794551134109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.31524235010147095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.18677577376365662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.13720697164535522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.13502219319343567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1181902289390564}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776217272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34577","display_name":"Poaching","level":3,"score":0.9852545857429504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29376679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241741","display_name":"Wildlife","level":2,"score":0.6708144545555115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.6001172065734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.4620283246040344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9777977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146575","display_name":"Dry season","level":2,"score":0.4458608031272888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.35746699571609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.34794551134109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.31524235010147095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.18677577376365662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.13720697164535522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.13502219319343567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1181902289390564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/13658816.2017.1404605","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2017.1404605","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13658816.2017.1404605?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire/8bcae7cf-2998-40f4-8380-386095f76629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/8bcae7cf-2998-40f4-8380-386095f76629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Rashidi, P, Skidmore, A K, Wang, T, Darvishzadeh, R, Ngene, S & Vrieling, A 2018, 'Assessing trends and seasonal changes in elephant poaching risk at the small area level using spatio-temporal Bayesian modeling', International journal of geographical information science, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 622-636. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2017.1404605","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/5619625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Assessing_trends_and_seasonal_changes_in_elephant_poaching_risk_at_the_small_area_level_using_spatio-temporal_Bayesian_modeling/5619625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.5619625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.5619625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/13658816.2017.1404605","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2017.1404605","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13658816.2017.1404605?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335551","display_name":"Erasmus+","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2768312403.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2768312403.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W119206607","https://openalex.org/W605132206","https://openalex.org/W1491984529","https://openalex.org/W1528905581","https://openalex.org/W1775931814","https://openalex.org/W1882961268","https://openalex.org/W1905960767","https://openalex.org/W1918615317","https://openalex.org/W1929843282","https://openalex.org/W1968604506","https://openalex.org/W1968802191","https://openalex.org/W1975408228","https://openalex.org/W1976399809","https://openalex.org/W1976671067","https://openalex.org/W1988129261","https://openalex.org/W1989491524","https://openalex.org/W1998025025","https://openalex.org/W2006699767","https://openalex.org/W2009907553","https://openalex.org/W2019521573","https://openalex.org/W2027023547","https://openalex.org/W2057765075","https://openalex.org/W2081106133","https://openalex.org/W2096484036","https://openalex.org/W2103041865","https://openalex.org/W2106675691","https://openalex.org/W2112044572","https://openalex.org/W2118676260","https://openalex.org/W2122228761","https://openalex.org/W2125511461","https://openalex.org/W2154525682","https://openalex.org/W2161970884","https://openalex.org/W2165936664","https://openalex.org/W2183214427","https://openalex.org/W2183828811","https://openalex.org/W2204586727","https://openalex.org/W2259223311","https://openalex.org/W2260054770","https://openalex.org/W2327826630","https://openalex.org/W2503703774","https://openalex.org/W2520654257","https://openalex.org/W2528678789","https://openalex.org/W3141468717","https://openalex.org/W4230139274","https://openalex.org/W4234086606","https://openalex.org/W4234299091","https://openalex.org/W4242501706","https://openalex.org/W4249999102","https://openalex.org/W4254767275","https://openalex.org/W4255655278","https://openalex.org/W4289257608","https://openalex.org/W4301861531","https://openalex.org/W4404055720"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2761517136","https://openalex.org/W596302018","https://openalex.org/W3036133106","https://openalex.org/W42944143","https://openalex.org/W4285313745","https://openalex.org/W2762288885","https://openalex.org/W2047303889","https://openalex.org/W3013417527","https://openalex.org/W4253729023","https://openalex.org/W2969055757"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Knowledge":[0],"about":[1],"changes":[2,28],"in":[3,29],"wildlife":[4],"poaching":[5,31,72,105,110,118,133,155,172,185],"risk":[6,32,73,81,116,134,141,144,156,176],"at":[7],"fine":[8],"spatial":[9,127],"scale":[10],"can":[11],"provide":[12],"essential":[13],"background":[14],"intelligence":[15],"for":[16,33,38,74],"law":[17],"enforcement":[18],"and":[19,26,68,92,99,162,173],"crime":[20],"prevention.":[21],"We":[22,151],"assessed":[23],"interannual":[24],"trends":[25],"seasonal":[27],"elephant":[30,57,171,184],"Kenya\u2019s":[34],"Greater":[35],"Tsavo":[36,179],"ecosystem":[37],"2002":[39],"to":[40,83,102,182],"2012":[41],"using":[42],"spatio-temporal":[43,89],"Bayesian":[44,90],"modeling.":[45],"Poaching":[46],"data":[47],"were":[48],"obtained":[49],"from":[50],"the":[51,77,85,88,94,115,125,147,160],"Kenya":[52],"Wildlife":[53],"Service\u2019s":[54],"database":[55],"on":[56],"mortality.":[58],"The":[59,165],"novelty":[60],"of":[61,79,87,97,117,124,136,170],"our":[62,168],"paper":[63],"is":[64,186],"(1)":[65],"combining":[66],"space":[67],"time":[69],"when":[70],"defining":[71],"elephant;":[75],"(2)":[76],"inclusion":[78],"environmental":[80,140],"factors":[82,145],"improve":[84,167],"accuracy":[86],"model;":[91],"(3)":[93],"separate":[95],"analysis":[96],"dry":[98,163],"wet":[100,161],"seasons":[101],"understand":[103],"season-dependent":[104],"patterns.":[106],"Although":[107],"Tsavo\u2019s":[108],"overall":[109],"level":[111],"increased":[112],"over":[113],"time,":[114],"differed":[119,158],"significantly":[120],"across":[121],"space.":[122],"Three":[123],"34":[126],"units":[128],"had":[129],"a":[130],"consistently":[131],"high":[132,175],"regardless":[135],"whether":[137],"models":[138],"included":[139],"factors.":[142],"Adding":[143],"enhanced":[146],"model\u2019s":[148],"predictive":[149],"power.":[150],"found":[152],"that":[153],"highest":[154],"areas":[157,177],"between":[159],"season.":[164],"findings":[166],"understanding":[169],"highlight":[174],"within":[178],"where":[180],"action":[181],"reduce":[183],"required.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
