{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2177815488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658811003623277","title":"Topologically consistent 3D city models obtained by extrusion","display_name":"Topologically consistent 3D city models obtained by extrusion","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2177815488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658811003623277","mag":"2177815488"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/13658811003623277","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658811003623277","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047673695","display_name":"Hugo Ledoux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1251-8654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hugo Ledoux","raw_affiliation_strings":["a Department of GIS Technology , OTB Research Institute, Delft University of Technology , Delft, the Netherlands","Department of GIS Technology , OTB Research Institute, Delft University of Technology , Delft, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a Department of GIS Technology , OTB Research Institute, Delft University of Technology , Delft, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of GIS Technology , OTB Research Institute, Delft University of Technology , Delft, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010192424","display_name":"Martijn Meijers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0923-5423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martijn Meijers","raw_affiliation_strings":["a Department of GIS Technology , OTB Research Institute, Delft University of Technology , Delft, the Netherlands","Department of GIS Technology , OTB Research Institute, Delft University of Technology , Delft, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a Department of GIS Technology , OTB Research Institute, Delft University of Technology , Delft, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of GIS Technology , OTB Research Institute, Delft University of Technology , Delft, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047673695"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.0814,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":115,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99325378,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"4","first_page":"557","last_page":"574"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10996","display_name":"Computational Geometry and Mesh Generation","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extrusion","display_name":"Extrusion","score":0.6097588539123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.42445695400238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3460991382598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.3454877734184265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.1644982397556305}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778958987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139143","display_name":"Extrusion","level":2,"score":0.6097588539123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.42445695400238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3460991382598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.3454877734184265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.1644982397556305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/13658811003623277","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658811003623277","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:487c2a74-7740-4e9b-a259-d0cd0933f0e9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:487c2a74-7740-4e9b-a259-d0cd0933f0e9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67406889","https://openalex.org/W80652377","https://openalex.org/W83360984","https://openalex.org/W98076215","https://openalex.org/W192892705","https://openalex.org/W642611422","https://openalex.org/W649965401","https://openalex.org/W1497572378","https://openalex.org/W1528270775","https://openalex.org/W1534935986","https://openalex.org/W1552345124","https://openalex.org/W1564797332","https://openalex.org/W1576375160","https://openalex.org/W1579964540","https://openalex.org/W1603382969","https://openalex.org/W1607752380","https://openalex.org/W1712323246","https://openalex.org/W1751078205","https://openalex.org/W1835757176","https://openalex.org/W1986427369","https://openalex.org/W1994414501","https://openalex.org/W1995870343","https://openalex.org/W2010802967","https://openalex.org/W2026368038","https://openalex.org/W2041738000","https://openalex.org/W2059029870","https://openalex.org/W2081280922","https://openalex.org/W2089525768","https://openalex.org/W2100185791","https://openalex.org/W2104917438","https://openalex.org/W2125867579","https://openalex.org/W2131376597","https://openalex.org/W2141516920","https://openalex.org/W2147733892","https://openalex.org/W2157228516","https://openalex.org/W2161709634","https://openalex.org/W2164026933","https://openalex.org/W2495697165","https://openalex.org/W2512173100","https://openalex.org/W2522927276","https://openalex.org/W2745976429","https://openalex.org/W2751236261","https://openalex.org/W2920543601","https://openalex.org/W4255160927"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2353373575","https://openalex.org/W2362061090","https://openalex.org/W1659936574","https://openalex.org/W3102567326","https://openalex.org/W1603813287","https://openalex.org/W2308616044","https://openalex.org/W1482410789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,76,108],"the":[2,23,33,38,45,72,106,135],"simplest":[3],"methods":[4],"to":[5,12,16,30,95,119],"construct":[6,96],"a":[7,70,91,109,129],"3D":[8,47,60,99],"city":[9,48,100,121],"model":[10,73],"is":[11,25,103,112],"extrude":[13],"building":[14],"footprints":[15,39],"obtain":[17],"\u2018block-shaped\u2019":[18],"polyhedra":[19],"representing":[20],"buildings.":[21],"Although":[22],"method":[24],"well":[26],"known":[27],"and":[28,115,143],"easy":[29],"implement,":[31],"if":[32],"2D":[34],"topological":[35],"relationships":[36],"between":[37],"are":[40],"not":[41,51],"taken":[42],"into":[43],"account,":[44],"resulting":[46],"models":[49,122],"will":[50,62,74],"necessarily":[52],"be":[53,63,75],"topologically":[54,97],"consistent":[55,98],"(i.e.":[56],"primitives":[57],"shared":[58],"by":[59],"buildings":[61],"duplicated":[64],"and/or":[65],"intersect":[66],"each":[67],"others).":[68],"As":[69],"result,":[71],"little":[77],"use":[78,107],"for":[79],"most":[80],"applications,":[81],"besides":[82],"visualization":[83],"that":[84],"is.":[85],"In":[86],"this":[87],"article,":[88],"we":[89],"present":[90],"new":[92],"extrusion":[93],"procedure":[94],"models.":[101],"It":[102],"based":[104],"on":[105],"constrained":[110],"triangulation,":[111],"conceptually":[113],"simple":[114],"offers":[116],"great":[117],"flexibility":[118],"create":[120],"in":[123],"different":[124],"formats":[125],"(e.g.":[126],"CityGML":[127],"or":[128],"surface-based":[130],"representation).":[131],"We":[132],"have":[133],"implemented":[134],"procedure,":[136],"tested":[137],"it":[138],"with":[139],"real-world":[140],"data":[141],"sets":[142],"validated":[144],"it.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
