{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2151192484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810902873512","title":"Sample surveying to estimate the mean of a heterogeneous surface: reducing the error variance through zoning","display_name":"Sample surveying to estimate the mean of a heterogeneous surface: reducing the error variance through zoning","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-03-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2151192484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810902873512","mag":"2151192484"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/13658810902873512","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810902873512","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100344683","display_name":"Jinfeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6687-9420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160793","display_name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04t1cdb72","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinfeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China","Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085949625","display_name":"Robert Haining","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3462-7218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Haining","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","Department of Geography , University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography , University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038776508","display_name":"Zhidong Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5936-6822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160793","display_name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04t1cdb72","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhidong Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China","Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100344683"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":24.3246,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":150,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99319586,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"4","first_page":"523","last_page":"543"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11911","display_name":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11911","display_name":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10841","display_name":"Economic and Environmental Valuation","score":0.9796000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.7332401871681213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.6630487442016602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stratified-sampling","display_name":"Stratified sampling","score":0.5717801451683044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zoning","display_name":"Zoning","score":0.5655928254127502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5562065243721008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.5398518443107605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4826422333717346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.47936680912971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling-design","display_name":"Sampling design","score":0.47728148102760315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-sampling","display_name":"Systematic sampling","score":0.46746233105659485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.45593470335006714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homogeneity","display_name":"Homogeneity (statistics)","score":0.4555647373199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.44997841119766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4371466636657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-variance","display_name":"Sample variance","score":0.4211121201515198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.4210507571697235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-variance","display_name":"Population variance","score":0.41314810514450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-mean","display_name":"Population mean","score":0.41125357151031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.29623734951019287}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.7332401871681213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.6630487442016602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49898467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1517706","display_name":"Stratified sampling","level":2,"score":0.5717801451683044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520944541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q702232","display_name":"Zoning","level":2,"score":0.5655928254127502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5562065243721008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.5398518443107605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4826422333717346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.47936680912971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75373757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7410160","display_name":"Sampling design","level":3,"score":0.47728148102760315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192489979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502997","display_name":"Systematic sampling","level":2,"score":0.46746233105659485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.45593470335006714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142259097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891314","display_name":"Homogeneity (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4555647373199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.44997841119766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4371466636657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993021520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175199","display_name":"Sample variance","level":3,"score":0.4211121201515198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.4210507571697235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985420695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175199","display_name":"Population variance","level":3,"score":0.41314810514450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993060064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49918","display_name":"Population mean","level":3,"score":0.41125357151031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29623734951019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/13658810902873512","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810902873512","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.igsnrr.ac.cn:311030/3517","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://192.168.22.105/handle/311030/3517","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wang, Jinfeng(\u738b\u52b2\u5cf0); Haining, Robert; Cao, Zhidong.Sample surveying to estimate the mean of a heterogeneous surface: reducing the error variance through zoning,INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SCIENCE,2010,24(4):523-543","raw_type":"\u671f\u520a\u8bba\u6587"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3484374","https://openalex.org/W333613255","https://openalex.org/W950125471","https://openalex.org/W1485626427","https://openalex.org/W1604846321","https://openalex.org/W1967926010","https://openalex.org/W1970562816","https://openalex.org/W1976935356","https://openalex.org/W1985794513","https://openalex.org/W1993701031","https://openalex.org/W1993703763","https://openalex.org/W2000686201","https://openalex.org/W2009667331","https://openalex.org/W2013725197","https://openalex.org/W2014975015","https://openalex.org/W2016208379","https://openalex.org/W2020493908","https://openalex.org/W2023865692","https://openalex.org/W2027910564","https://openalex.org/W2037850286","https://openalex.org/W2053380473","https://openalex.org/W2065018371","https://openalex.org/W2071322974","https://openalex.org/W2072569462","https://openalex.org/W2081103628","https://openalex.org/W2084211975","https://openalex.org/W2084829975","https://openalex.org/W2094153371","https://openalex.org/W2107158963","https://openalex.org/W2114088565","https://openalex.org/W2116569388","https://openalex.org/W2143022286","https://openalex.org/W2146859126","https://openalex.org/W2147201160","https://openalex.org/W2147692910","https://openalex.org/W2163193792","https://openalex.org/W2167227122","https://openalex.org/W2325945421","https://openalex.org/W2494084875","https://openalex.org/W2496675188","https://openalex.org/W2503642504","https://openalex.org/W2573715514","https://openalex.org/W2588106347","https://openalex.org/W3165771198","https://openalex.org/W4211131047","https://openalex.org/W4237714358","https://openalex.org/W4300859697"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2737546930","https://openalex.org/W2322994712","https://openalex.org/W2030242346","https://openalex.org/W1995966094","https://openalex.org/W2065197124","https://openalex.org/W2605994566","https://openalex.org/W2775800587","https://openalex.org/W3111371059","https://openalex.org/W567739382","https://openalex.org/W1529939678"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,5,19,41,44,55,74,85,108,111,117,149,173,177],"the":[2,17,38,42,45,53,61,67,75,79,83,94,106,115,122,135,142,147,152],"major":[3],"sources":[4],"uncertainty":[6,183],"associated":[7],"with":[8],"geographical":[9],"data":[10],"in":[11],"GIS":[12],"arises":[13],"when":[14,28,60,164],"they":[15],"are":[16],"outcome":[18],"a":[20,31,98,166],"sampling":[21,29,58,143,165],"process.":[22],"It":[23],"is":[24,63,69],"well":[25],"known":[26],"that":[27,159],"from":[30],"spatially":[32],"autocorrelated":[33],"homogeneous":[34,90],"surface,":[35],"stratification":[36,96],"reduces":[37],"error":[39,127],"variance":[40],"estimator":[43,162],"population":[46,123],"mean.":[47],"In":[48],"this":[49,109],"study,":[50],"we":[51,81],"evaluate":[52],"efficiency":[54,163],"different":[56,118,188],"spatial":[57,112,189],"strategies":[59],"surface":[62,68,76,137],"not":[64],"homogeneous.":[65],"When":[66],"first-order":[70,89],"heterogeneous":[71,167],"(the":[72],"mean":[73,124],"varies":[77],"across":[78],"map),":[80],"examine":[82],"effects":[84],"stratifying":[86],"it":[87],"into":[88],"zones":[91],"prior":[92],"to":[93,138],"usual":[95],"for":[97,120,175],"systematic":[99],"or":[100],"stratified":[101],"random":[102],"sample.":[103],"We":[104,129],"investigate":[105],"effect":[107],"form":[110],"heterogeneity":[113],"on":[114,186,191],"performance":[116],"methods":[119],"estimating":[121],"and":[125,151,182],"its":[126],"variance.":[128],"do":[130],"so":[131],"by":[132],"distinguishing":[133],"between":[134],"real":[136,192],"be":[139],"surveyed":[140],"(\u211c),":[141],"frame":[144],"(\u2111)":[145],"including":[146],"choice":[148,176],"zoning,":[150],"statistical":[153],"estimators":[154],"(\u03a8).":[155],"The":[156],"study":[157],"shows":[158],"zoning":[160],"improves":[161],"surface.":[168],"Systematic":[169],"comparison":[170],"provides":[171],"rules":[172],"thumb":[174],"sample":[178,180],"design,":[179],"statistics":[181],"estimation,":[184],"based":[185],"considering":[187],"heterogeneities":[190],"surfaces.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}