{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2133045641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10798587.1998.10750741","title":"Automatic Tuning of PID Cascade Controllers for Servo Systems","display_name":"Automatic Tuning of PID Cascade Controllers for Servo Systems","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2133045641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10798587.1998.10750741","mag":"2133045641"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10798587.1998.10750741","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10798587.1998.10750741","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S40639465","display_name":"Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing","issn_l":"1079-8587","issn":["1079-8587","2326-005X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045554497","display_name":"Kok Kiong Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4245-070X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. K. Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering National University of Singapore 10 Kent Ridge Crescent Singapore 119260"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering National University of Singapore 10 Kent Ridge Crescent Singapore 119260","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060738325","display_name":"T. H. Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. H. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering National University of Singapore 10 Kent Ridge Crescent Singapore 119260"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering National University of Singapore 10 Kent Ridge Crescent Singapore 119260","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3853,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88304361,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"4","first_page":"325","last_page":"339"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11081","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11081","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14083","display_name":"Extremum Seeking Control Systems","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8774049282073975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascade","display_name":"Cascade","score":0.8246742486953735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pid-controller","display_name":"PID controller","score":0.7696632146835327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5455403923988342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/servo","display_name":"Servo","score":0.5406597852706909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.4583456218242645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/servomotor","display_name":"Servomotor","score":0.42907002568244934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/servomechanism","display_name":"Servomechanism","score":0.4227145314216614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.20801874995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20047345757484436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-control","display_name":"Temperature control","score":0.0729374885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8774049282073975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34146451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048094","display_name":"Cascade","level":2,"score":0.8246742486953735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.7696632146835327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5455403923988342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107354338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1937153","display_name":"Servo","level":2,"score":0.5406597852706909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.4583456218242645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109441226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137255","display_name":"Servomotor","level":2,"score":0.42907002568244934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49503481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640815","display_name":"Servomechanism","level":2,"score":0.4227145314216614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.20801874995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20047345757484436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536315585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698332","display_name":"Temperature control","level":2,"score":0.0729374885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10798587.1998.10750741","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10798587.1998.10750741","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S40639465","display_name":"Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing","issn_l":"1079-8587","issn":["1079-8587","2326-005X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarbank.nus.edu.sg:10635/61880","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/61880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052290","display_name":"National University of Singapore","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scopus","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487127700","https://openalex.org/W1608230802","https://openalex.org/W1965324089","https://openalex.org/W2066716001","https://openalex.org/W2069484480","https://openalex.org/W2082208983","https://openalex.org/W2142402591","https://openalex.org/W2165245058","https://openalex.org/W2345681420","https://openalex.org/W2693774119","https://openalex.org/W6641780247","https://openalex.org/W6704916567"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2080331776","https://openalex.org/W161603712","https://openalex.org/W2045478930","https://openalex.org/W2021648837","https://openalex.org/W2320805319","https://openalex.org/W2115261773","https://openalex.org/W1490629594","https://openalex.org/W1984747759","https://openalex.org/W2744582151","https://openalex.org/W1994942357"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intelligent":[0],"Automation":[1],"and":[2],"Soft":[3],"Computing":[4]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}