{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200140921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2021.1975852","title":"Toward a Design Theory of User-Centered Score Mechanics for Gamified Competency Development","display_name":"Toward a Design Theory of User-Centered Score Mechanics for Gamified Competency Development","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200140921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2021.1975852"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10580530.2021.1975852","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2021.1975852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124504522","display_name":"Information Systems Management","issn_l":"1058-0530","issn":["1058-0530","1934-8703"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Systems Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026135320","display_name":"Martin B\u00f6ckle","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148663","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences Stralsund","ror":"https://ror.org/04g99jx54","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148663"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94271068","display_name":"ESCP Business School","ror":"https://ror.org/01r8xsy94","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149577","https://openalex.org/I94271068"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin B\u00f6ckle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Studies/IACS-Institute for Applied Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences Stralsund and Chair of Business Information Systems - ESCP Business School, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Studies/IACS-Institute for Applied Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences Stralsund and Chair of Business Information Systems - ESCP Business School, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148663","https://openalex.org/I94271068"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032668797","display_name":"Markus Bick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9521-4436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94271068","display_name":"ESCP Business School","ror":"https://ror.org/01r8xsy94","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149577","https://openalex.org/I94271068"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Bick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Business Information Systems, ESCP Business School, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Business Information Systems, ESCP Business School, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94271068"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077896740","display_name":"Jasminko Novak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8296-3350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116736","display_name":"European Institute for Participatory Media","ror":"https://ror.org/02ay1zt80","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116736"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148663","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences Stralsund","ror":"https://ror.org/04g99jx54","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148663"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jasminko Novak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Studies/IACS-Institute for Applied Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences Stralsund and European Institute for Participatory Media, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Studies/IACS-Institute for Applied Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences Stralsund and European Institute for Participatory Media, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116736","https://openalex.org/I4210148663"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026135320"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148663","https://openalex.org/I94271068"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.76,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72856213,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"1","first_page":"2","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11400","display_name":"Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports","score":0.9750000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14074","display_name":"Persona Design and Applications","score":0.9606999754905701,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cornerstone","display_name":"Cornerstone","score":0.7969954013824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.6390119791030884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5303485989570618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.47780758142471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45259711146354675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3315102159976959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3265794515609741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21454626321792603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.09889557957649231}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780616401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133673","display_name":"Cornerstone","level":2,"score":0.7969954013824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.6390119791030884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5303485989570618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.47780758142471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45259711146354675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3315102159976959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3265794515609741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21454626321792603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09889557957649231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10580530.2021.1975852","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2021.1975852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124504522","display_name":"Information Systems Management","issn_l":"1058-0530","issn":["1058-0530","1934-8703"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Systems Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W14894485","https://openalex.org/W50221525","https://openalex.org/W92881974","https://openalex.org/W95920888","https://openalex.org/W192168128","https://openalex.org/W1410719325","https://openalex.org/W1481628372","https://openalex.org/W1741765804","https://openalex.org/W1766620699","https://openalex.org/W1968280970","https://openalex.org/W1974789292","https://openalex.org/W1988677395","https://openalex.org/W1998933811","https://openalex.org/W2007601953","https://openalex.org/W2012594940","https://openalex.org/W2014251728","https://openalex.org/W2015962346","https://openalex.org/W2018081790","https://openalex.org/W2023718959","https://openalex.org/W2025147319","https://openalex.org/W2026368941","https://openalex.org/W2037621702","https://openalex.org/W2045508082","https://openalex.org/W2056193178","https://openalex.org/W2057148748","https://openalex.org/W2061203942","https://openalex.org/W2062114445","https://openalex.org/W2081655353","https://openalex.org/W2083362694","https://openalex.org/W2084389751","https://openalex.org/W2085567916","https://openalex.org/W2093869191","https://openalex.org/W2100379340","https://openalex.org/W2101646335","https://openalex.org/W2115936675","https://openalex.org/W2117855695","https://openalex.org/W2121665678","https://openalex.org/W2134302910","https://openalex.org/W2134372241","https://openalex.org/W2139065177","https://openalex.org/W2141084584","https://openalex.org/W2147489905","https://openalex.org/W2153520305","https://openalex.org/W2159253324","https://openalex.org/W2182493544","https://openalex.org/W2288925214","https://openalex.org/W2290163722","https://openalex.org/W2294495080","https://openalex.org/W2295834018","https://openalex.org/W2342137125","https://openalex.org/W2343413709","https://openalex.org/W2479485957","https://openalex.org/W2482301456","https://openalex.org/W2484037190","https://openalex.org/W2487371103","https://openalex.org/W2491453896","https://openalex.org/W2496777941","https://openalex.org/W2509512084","https://openalex.org/W2530695086","https://openalex.org/W2576624358","https://openalex.org/W2593717474","https://openalex.org/W2605784893","https://openalex.org/W2609413367","https://openalex.org/W2611536845","https://openalex.org/W2623712250","https://openalex.org/W2785985380","https://openalex.org/W2787622896","https://openalex.org/W2806383613","https://openalex.org/W3123811346","https://openalex.org/W3124156684","https://openalex.org/W3125606878","https://openalex.org/W3151685851","https://openalex.org/W3207406831","https://openalex.org/W4241430965","https://openalex.org/W4244928473","https://openalex.org/W4253985835","https://openalex.org/W4292003697"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088111589","https://openalex.org/W2321083758","https://openalex.org/W4366496304","https://openalex.org/W4229004718","https://openalex.org/W2375906709","https://openalex.org/W2350669386","https://openalex.org/W2348913748","https://openalex.org/W2381386433","https://openalex.org/W2087093332","https://openalex.org/W2045980693"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gamification":[0],"is":[1,22,46],"increasingly":[2],"being":[3],"used":[4],"by":[5],"organizations":[6],"to":[7,47],"foster":[8,31],"work-related":[9],"competencies":[10,36],"and":[11,67],"employee":[12,35],"motivation.":[13],"In":[14],"the":[15,32,49],"current":[16],"body":[17],"of":[18,25,34,43,51,58],"gamification":[19,39],"literature,":[20],"there":[21],"a":[23],"dearth":[24],"design":[26,55],"knowledge":[27],"about":[28],"systems":[29,54],"that":[30,62],"development":[33],"through":[37],"effective":[38],"approaches.":[40],"The":[41],"aim":[42],"this":[44],"paper":[45],"set":[48],"cornerstone":[50],"an":[52],"information":[53],"theory":[56],"(ISDT)":[57],"user-centered":[59],"score":[60],"mechanics":[61],"can":[63],"assist":[64],"both":[65],"researchers":[66],"practitioners":[68],"in":[69],"building":[70],"gamified":[71],"environments.":[72]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}