{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413013273","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2025.2542898","title":"The efficacy and safety of immersive virtual reality in children\u2019s safety training: a systematic literature review","display_name":"The efficacy and safety of immersive virtual reality in children\u2019s safety training: a systematic literature review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413013273","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2025.2542898"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10494820.2025.2542898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2025.2542898","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10494820.2025.2542898?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90466346","display_name":"Interactive Learning Environments","issn_l":"1049-4820","issn":["1049-4820","1744-5191"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interactive Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10494820.2025.2542898?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112470231","display_name":"Xinzhe Liao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinzhe Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Malaya","Department of Computer System & Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2486-2890","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Malaya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer System & Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045368227","display_name":"Amirrudin Kamsin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2796-3459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amirrudin Kamsin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Malaya","Department of Computer System & Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2796-3459","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Malaya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer System & Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050837295","display_name":"Nurul Fazmidar Binti Mohd Noor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5735-4414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nurul Fazmidar Binti Mohd Noor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Malaya","Department of Computer System & Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5735-4414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Malaya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer System & Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045368227"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3441,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88406314,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"4","first_page":"2312","last_page":"2338"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11238","display_name":"Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9684000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.7222766876220703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.5777757167816162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4641360640525818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.42027729749679565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4195757210254669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4010372757911682}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.7222766876220703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5777757167816162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4641360640525818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.42027729749679565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4195757210254669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4010372757911682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10494820.2025.2542898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2025.2542898","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10494820.2025.2542898?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90466346","display_name":"Interactive Learning Environments","issn_l":"1049-4820","issn":["1049-4820","1744-5191"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interactive Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10494820.2025.2542898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2025.2542898","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10494820.2025.2542898?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90466346","display_name":"Interactive Learning Environments","issn_l":"1049-4820","issn":["1049-4820","1744-5191"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interactive Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413013273.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413013273.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":141,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W51208199","https://openalex.org/W1529764152","https://openalex.org/W1531591817","https://openalex.org/W1554630841","https://openalex.org/W1803184879","https://openalex.org/W1975675278","https://openalex.org/W1976408896","https://openalex.org/W1977644847","https://openalex.org/W1982067592","https://openalex.org/W1988378644","https://openalex.org/W1988674822","https://openalex.org/W2005375327","https://openalex.org/W2008329397","https://openalex.org/W2008406133","https://openalex.org/W2017617921","https://openalex.org/W2017794343","https://openalex.org/W2019187690","https://openalex.org/W2021698145","https://openalex.org/W2022008238","https://openalex.org/W2032964977","https://openalex.org/W2034592524","https://openalex.org/W2044077163","https://openalex.org/W2046019843","https://openalex.org/W2057673348","https://openalex.org/W2061467413","https://openalex.org/W2067027731","https://openalex.org/W2068925510","https://openalex.org/W2069757512","https://openalex.org/W2070252312","https://openalex.org/W2071952377","https://openalex.org/W2072530535","https://openalex.org/W2079194795","https://openalex.org/W2087003557","https://openalex.org/W2099162793","https://openalex.org/W2102853844","https://openalex.org/W2107871446","https://openalex.org/W2110523380","https://openalex.org/W2114058809","https://openalex.org/W2118328848","https://openalex.org/W2124680560","https://openalex.org/W2133102858","https://openalex.org/W2133739763","https://openalex.org/W2135943618","https://openalex.org/W2143492556","https://openalex.org/W2145590366","https://openalex.org/W2153385857","https://openalex.org/W2155000755","https://openalex.org/W2157904933","https://openalex.org/W2159757479","https://openalex.org/W2161328065","https://openalex.org/W2162821268","https://openalex.org/W2164690523","https://openalex.org/W2165829812","https://openalex.org/W2170644967","https://openalex.org/W2175090420","https://openalex.org/W2255104320","https://openalex.org/W2259535859","https://openalex.org/W2264531854","https://openalex.org/W2280580125","https://openalex.org/W2281484419","https://openalex.org/W2290217614","https://openalex.org/W2321872129","https://openalex.org/W2335425379","https://openalex.org/W2498898505","https://openalex.org/W2508354821","https://openalex.org/W2510399033","https://openalex.org/W2573894086","https://openalex.org/W2587573685","https://openalex.org/W2766010356","https://openalex.org/W2772513968","https://openalex.org/W2788240639","https://openalex.org/W2790210516","https://openalex.org/W2797311442","https://openalex.org/W2802603501","https://openalex.org/W2803640934","https://openalex.org/W2805019964","https://openalex.org/W2810401750","https://openalex.org/W2885864288","https://openalex.org/W2891040907","https://openalex.org/W2894517759","https://openalex.org/W2899105488","https://openalex.org/W2910488007","https://openalex.org/W2911379327","https://openalex.org/W2912819122","https://openalex.org/W2939067147","https://openalex.org/W2954042413","https://openalex.org/W2970518024","https://openalex.org/W2980904842","https://openalex.org/W2994829456","https://openalex.org/W2994943488","https://openalex.org/W2995065029","https://openalex.org/W3004279909","https://openalex.org/W3020056353","https://openalex.org/W3028446222","https://openalex.org/W3028464929","https://openalex.org/W3036029995","https://openalex.org/W3041788845","https://openalex.org/W3089811950","https://openalex.org/W3092602975","https://openalex.org/W3099596624","https://openalex.org/W3111644016","https://openalex.org/W3112852538","https://openalex.org/W3116253193","https://openalex.org/W3123497531","https://openalex.org/W3159054148","https://openalex.org/W3161568023","https://openalex.org/W3164817610","https://openalex.org/W3201290282","https://openalex.org/W4200282046","https://openalex.org/W4210896222","https://openalex.org/W4230957748","https://openalex.org/W4236859963","https://openalex.org/W4251044642","https://openalex.org/W4255044316","https://openalex.org/W4255697435","https://openalex.org/W4283788661","https://openalex.org/W4294215472","https://openalex.org/W4306399865","https://openalex.org/W4307553140","https://openalex.org/W4307834054","https://openalex.org/W4308105847","https://openalex.org/W4313646372","https://openalex.org/W4317566021","https://openalex.org/W4324311532","https://openalex.org/W4367662814","https://openalex.org/W4383213521","https://openalex.org/W4384521166","https://openalex.org/W4388608448","https://openalex.org/W4391605859","https://openalex.org/W4394806682","https://openalex.org/W4394933952","https://openalex.org/W4395449428","https://openalex.org/W4396829846","https://openalex.org/W4396832175","https://openalex.org/W4401209178","https://openalex.org/W4401339328","https://openalex.org/W4402996251","https://openalex.org/W6678162032","https://openalex.org/W6692641551","https://openalex.org/W6907365826","https://openalex.org/W6959875628"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W230091440","https://openalex.org/W2233261550","https://openalex.org/W2810751659","https://openalex.org/W258997015","https://openalex.org/W2997094352","https://openalex.org/W4295631035","https://openalex.org/W2059650074","https://openalex.org/W4285504728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Immersive":[0],"virtual":[1],"reality":[2],"(IVR)":[3],"is":[4,167],"a":[5,67,133],"promising":[6],"method":[7],"for":[8,142],"children\u2019s":[9],"safety":[10],"training,":[11],"driven":[12],"by":[13,158],"affordable":[14],"head-mounted":[15],"displays":[16],"(HMDs)":[17],"and":[18,38,49,57,77,93,120,161,169,183,191],"the":[19,106],"rise":[20],"of":[21,195],"experiential":[22],"learning.":[23],"This":[24],"systematic":[25],"review":[26],"aims":[27],"to":[28],"examine":[29],"training":[30,34,80,178],"topics,":[31,179],"IVR":[32,166],"technologies,":[33],"methods,":[35],"theoretical":[36],"foundations,":[37],"research":[39,175],"designs.":[40],"Following":[41],"PRISMA":[42],",":[43],"we":[44],"retrieved":[45],"peer-reviewed":[46],"journal":[47],"articles":[48],"conference":[50],"papers":[51],"published":[52],"in":[53,60,90,100,189],"English":[54],"between":[55],"2016":[56],"2024,":[58],"resulting":[59],"28":[61],"empirical":[62],"studies.":[63],"The":[64,84],"findings":[65],"reveal":[66],"significant":[68],"focus":[69],"on":[70,129],"pedestrian":[71],"safety,":[72],"while":[73],"fire,":[74],"water,":[75],"earthquake,":[76],"violence":[78],"prevention":[79],"received":[81],"limited":[82,157],"attention.":[83],"learning":[85,151,187],"outcomes":[86],"indicate":[87],"notable":[88],"improvements":[89],"behavioral":[91],"skills":[92],"learner":[94],"engagement":[95],"but":[96],"only":[97],"modest":[98],"gains":[99],"declarative":[101],"knowledge.":[102],"Full-IVR":[103],"technologies":[104],"are":[105,155],"most":[107],"prevalent,":[108],"particularly":[109],"role-playing":[110],"games":[111],"(RPGs)":[112],"delivered":[113],"via":[114],"high-end":[115],"HMDs.":[116],"However,":[117],"motion":[118],"sickness":[119],"practical":[121],"deployment":[122],"challenges":[123],"persist.":[124],"Alternatively,":[125],"360\u00b0":[126],"videos":[127],"viewed":[128],"mobile":[130],"HMDs":[131],"offer":[132],"lower-cost,":[134],"less":[135],"interactive":[136],"option":[137],"that":[138],"appears":[139],"more":[140],"suitable":[141],"younger":[143],"children.":[144],"Despite":[145],"pedagogical":[146],"claims,":[147],"few":[148],"studies":[149],"integrate":[150],"theories.":[152],"Resarch":[153],"designs":[154],"often":[156],"weak":[159],"randomization":[160],"scarce":[162],"longitudinal":[163,182],"follow-up.":[164],"Although":[165],"feasible":[168],"beneficial,":[170],"evidence":[171],"remains":[172],"nascent.":[173],"Future":[174],"should":[176],"broaden":[177],"employ":[180],"rigorous":[181],"comparative":[184],"studies,":[185],"embed":[186],"theories":[188],"design,":[190],"evaluate":[192],"real-world":[193],"transfer":[194],"learned":[196],"behaviors.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-15T08:34:33.830935","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
