{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414000112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2025.2542892","title":"Application of multi-agent systems in legal education: the impact of multi-agent mock trial exercises on student satisfaction, core skill enhancement, and cognitive development","display_name":"Application of multi-agent systems in legal education: the impact of multi-agent mock trial exercises on student satisfaction, core skill enhancement, and cognitive development","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414000112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2025.2542892"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10494820.2025.2542892","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2025.2542892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90466346","display_name":"Interactive Learning Environments","issn_l":"1049-4820","issn":["1049-4820","1744-5191"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interactive Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042302958","display_name":"Siyuan Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1682-6416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. J. Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1682-6416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052480142","display_name":"Ying Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8898-6112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802289423","display_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfkgs74","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802289423"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y. B. Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Caidian District People\u2019s Court"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Caidian District People\u2019s Court","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802289423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072412248","display_name":"Zhiping Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3562-8602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23171815","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/05fwr8z16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Z. L. Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhengzhou University of Light Industry"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044085051","display_name":"J. W. Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3205-4487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. W. Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103228070","display_name":"Rui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3045-9969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044085051"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.435,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97731762,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"4","first_page":"2201","last_page":"2222"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9685999751091003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12755","display_name":"Legal Education and Practice Innovations","score":0.9473000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.6647090911865234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5624438524246216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4642331004142761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.41640448570251465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.41331157088279724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.36205899715423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.35157257318496704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"Medical education","score":0.3377169966697693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.11193817853927612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.6647090911865234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5624438524246216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4642331004142761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.41640448570251465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.41331157088279724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.36205899715423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.35157257318496704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.3377169966697693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11193817853927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10494820.2025.2542892","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2025.2542892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90466346","display_name":"Interactive Learning Environments","issn_l":"1049-4820","issn":["1049-4820","1744-5191"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interactive Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G112748187","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BCA200086","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335869","funder_display_name":"National Social Science Fund of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335869","display_name":"National Social Science Fund of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W161021383","https://openalex.org/W638696706","https://openalex.org/W970765514","https://openalex.org/W1479776293","https://openalex.org/W1502143528","https://openalex.org/W1521074063","https://openalex.org/W1795190167","https://openalex.org/W1853322427","https://openalex.org/W1855238771","https://openalex.org/W2012367996","https://openalex.org/W2022916636","https://openalex.org/W2030086169","https://openalex.org/W2106046714","https://openalex.org/W2113386944","https://openalex.org/W2124344619","https://openalex.org/W2153020800","https://openalex.org/W2162142960","https://openalex.org/W2257441197","https://openalex.org/W2257765505","https://openalex.org/W2275155405","https://openalex.org/W2320194102","https://openalex.org/W2808725484","https://openalex.org/W2902031126","https://openalex.org/W2923215387","https://openalex.org/W3085279139","https://openalex.org/W3094347721","https://openalex.org/W3125695531","https://openalex.org/W3160761304","https://openalex.org/W4299627282","https://openalex.org/W4362659486","https://openalex.org/W4377371831","https://openalex.org/W4387835442","https://openalex.org/W4389519560","https://openalex.org/W4390863507","https://openalex.org/W4391096301","https://openalex.org/W4391136507","https://openalex.org/W4392196220","https://openalex.org/W4392566195","https://openalex.org/W4392691312","https://openalex.org/W4393065402","https://openalex.org/W4394681353","https://openalex.org/W4394794331","https://openalex.org/W4396780852","https://openalex.org/W4402684050","https://openalex.org/W4404949637","https://openalex.org/W4405643789","https://openalex.org/W4407657137","https://openalex.org/W4409074937","https://openalex.org/W4409141360","https://openalex.org/W4411119608","https://openalex.org/W4412930131"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3188425112","https://openalex.org/W2037482284","https://openalex.org/W3158538495","https://openalex.org/W4380629719","https://openalex.org/W2087399092","https://openalex.org/W2793453777","https://openalex.org/W2045815042","https://openalex.org/W3165152255","https://openalex.org/W2963945375","https://openalex.org/W2183783065"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"traditional":[1,46,160],"mock":[2,80],"trials":[3],"are":[4],"foundational":[5],"to":[6,76,112,158],"legal":[7,33,135,156,168],"education,":[8,136],"the":[9,39,45,113,145],"rise":[10],"of":[11,41,118],"generative":[12],"AI":[13],"offers":[14],"novel":[15],"pedagogical":[16],"approaches.":[17],"This":[18],"study":[19,123],"investigates":[20],"an":[21],"AI-powered":[22,127],"multi-agent":[23,42,95,128,153],"system":[24],"as":[25],"a":[26,56,131,148],"new":[27],"method":[28],"for":[29,134,138,166],"developing":[30],"students\u2019":[31,99],"core":[32],"and":[34,69,74,83,105,120,162],"cognitive":[35,84,141],"skills.":[36,142],"We":[37],"compared":[38],"effects":[40],"practice":[43,49,96,129],"with":[44],"self-directed":[47],"group":[48],"on":[50],"law":[51,62],"students'":[52],"learning":[53,78],"outcomes.":[54],"Using":[55],"crossover":[57],"experimental":[58],"design,":[59],"30":[60],"undergraduate":[61],"students":[63,165],"participated":[64],"in":[65],"both":[66],"conditions.":[67],"Quantitative":[68],"qualitative":[70],"data":[71],"were":[72,93],"collected":[73],"analysed":[75],"assess":[77],"satisfaction,":[79],"trial":[81],"abilities,":[82],"development.":[85],"Findings":[86],"revealed":[87],"that":[88,126,151],"while":[89],"overall":[90],"satisfaction":[91],"levels":[92],"comparable,":[94],"significantly":[97],"enhanced":[98],"problem-solving":[100],"skills,":[101],"critical":[102],"thinking,":[103],"creativity,":[104],"perspective-taking.":[106],"Qualitative":[107],"analysis":[108],"attributed":[109],"this":[110],"effectiveness":[111],"system's":[114],"structured":[115],"feedback,":[116],"variety":[117],"roles,":[119],"immersive":[121],"scenariosThis":[122],"provides":[124],"evidence":[125],"is":[130],"potent":[132],"tool":[133],"particularly":[137],"cultivating":[139],"higher-order":[140],"In":[143],"addition":[144],"findings":[146],"pointed":[147],"blended":[149],"approach":[150],"integrating":[152],"systems":[154],"into":[155],"curricula":[157],"complement":[159],"methods":[161],"better":[163],"prepare":[164],"complex":[167],"practice.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-15T08:34:33.830935","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
