{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386606617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2023.2256374","title":"Roles of computer agents in digital games: effects on learning performance, perceptions, and behaviors","display_name":"Roles of computer agents in digital games: effects on learning performance, perceptions, and behaviors","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386606617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2023.2256374"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10494820.2023.2256374","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2023.2256374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90466346","display_name":"Interactive Learning Environments","issn_l":"1049-4820","issn":["1049-4820","1744-5191"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interactive Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100366398","display_name":"Di Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-1319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Di Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Normal University","College of Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049547394","display_name":"Gwo\u2010Jen Hwang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5155-276X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154864474","display_name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q09pe49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34574549","display_name":"National Taichung University of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/006tnfe02","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34574549"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99908691","display_name":"Yuan Ze University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fv1ds98","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99908691"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gwo-Jen Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Taichung University of Education","National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","Yuan Ze University","Graduate Institute of Digital Learning and Education, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","Graduate Institute of Educational Information and Measurement, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung, Taiwan","Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5155-276X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Taichung University of Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34574549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yuan Ze University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99908691"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Digital Learning and Education, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Educational Information and Measurement, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34574549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99908691"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081259900","display_name":"Shih\u2010Ting Chu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7287-5530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154864474","display_name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q09pe49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shih-Ting Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7287-5530","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049547394"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474","https://openalex.org/I34574549","https://openalex.org/I99908691"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1793,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82488673,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"10","first_page":"6325","last_page":"6345"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tutor","display_name":"TUTOR","score":0.6013583540916443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.51783686876297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-learning","display_name":"Digital learning","score":0.5077720284461975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.467628538608551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.45151543617248535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feeling","display_name":"Feeling","score":0.4162397086620331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-technology","display_name":"Educational technology","score":0.41514962911605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.409912645816803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.3954877555370331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3250330984592438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.32295000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.1140633225440979}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7672049","display_name":"TUTOR","level":2,"score":0.6013583540916443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.51783686876297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780468074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16628824","display_name":"Digital learning","level":2,"score":0.5077720284461975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.467628538608551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.45151543617248535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.4162397086620331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.41514962911605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.409912645816803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3954877555370331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3250330984592438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32295000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.1140633225440979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10494820.2023.2256374","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2023.2256374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90466346","display_name":"Interactive Learning Environments","issn_l":"1049-4820","issn":["1049-4820","1744-5191"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interactive Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8018012961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSTC 112-2410-H-011-012-MY3 and MOST 111-2410-H-011 -007 -MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W769954050","https://openalex.org/W933409971","https://openalex.org/W1730072672","https://openalex.org/W1972889297","https://openalex.org/W1981045396","https://openalex.org/W2016573141","https://openalex.org/W2037878816","https://openalex.org/W2047816806","https://openalex.org/W2057446858","https://openalex.org/W2058064543","https://openalex.org/W2068690371","https://openalex.org/W2110437072","https://openalex.org/W2153007669","https://openalex.org/W2153569055","https://openalex.org/W2172909550","https://openalex.org/W2230347737","https://openalex.org/W2314096089","https://openalex.org/W2436856269","https://openalex.org/W2469041963","https://openalex.org/W2479799148","https://openalex.org/W2563345517","https://openalex.org/W2578024244","https://openalex.org/W2588458854","https://openalex.org/W2589724482","https://openalex.org/W2607428467","https://openalex.org/W2634899501","https://openalex.org/W2729814639","https://openalex.org/W2808948171","https://openalex.org/W2885697783","https://openalex.org/W2895175032","https://openalex.org/W2905180035","https://openalex.org/W2914139258","https://openalex.org/W2935844646","https://openalex.org/W2992371691","https://openalex.org/W2992775435","https://openalex.org/W2997198246","https://openalex.org/W2999442527","https://openalex.org/W3004720641","https://openalex.org/W3084021717","https://openalex.org/W3117856461","https://openalex.org/W3118483287","https://openalex.org/W3126302922","https://openalex.org/W3160551632","https://openalex.org/W3161728785","https://openalex.org/W4226327278","https://openalex.org/W4231371247","https://openalex.org/W4235114045","https://openalex.org/W4239664927","https://openalex.org/W4253559546"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2478195092","https://openalex.org/W4312351362","https://openalex.org/W3099414706","https://openalex.org/W2132912969","https://openalex.org/W2159756821","https://openalex.org/W4387162798","https://openalex.org/W2138000512","https://openalex.org/W3092433994","https://openalex.org/W4385873339","https://openalex.org/W2968349893"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"encountering":[1],"difficulties":[2],"in":[3,17,46,61,80],"conventional":[4],"educational":[5,36],"games,":[6,82],"learners":[7,45,114,127,137,153],"seldom":[8],"self-regulate":[9],"to":[10,35,38,44,66],"discover":[11],"and":[12,59,98,112,125,163],"organize":[13],"the":[14,18,22,25,62,68,110,120,132,145,151,155,161,169,173,179],"learning":[15,57,63,78,117,182,195],"content":[16],"game":[19],"environment.":[20,64],"With":[21],"development":[23],"of":[24,51,70,73,172],"human\u2013computer":[26],"interaction":[27],"technology,":[28],"computer":[29,52,74],"agents":[30,53,75,174],"are":[31],"gradually":[32],"being":[33],"applied":[34],"games":[37],"provide":[39,186],"personalized":[40,198],"guidance":[41],"or":[42],"support":[43],"specific":[47],"situations.":[48],"Different":[49],"roles":[50,72,171],"may":[54],"affect":[55],"students'":[56,77],"achievements":[58,118],"feelings":[60],"Therefore,":[65],"compare":[67],"effects":[69],"different":[71,176],"on":[76],"outcomes":[79],"digital":[81,180,193],"this":[83],"study":[84],"developed":[85],"a":[86,92,99,139,187],"Tutor":[87],"Agent-based":[88,94,101],"Digital":[89,95,102],"Game":[90,96,103],"(TA-DG),":[91],"Peer":[93],"(PA-DG)":[97],"Student":[100],"(SA-DG).":[104],"The":[105,123,135,184],"experimental":[106],"results":[107],"showed":[108],"that":[109,168],"TA-DG":[111,133,162],"PA-DG":[113,124,136,164],"had":[115,128,138,154,175],"better":[116],"than":[119,131,144],"SA-DG":[121,126,152],"learners.":[122,134,165],"higher":[129,140],"motivation":[130],"critical":[141],"thinking":[142],"tendency":[143],"other":[146],"two":[147],"groups.":[148],"In":[149],"addition,":[150],"lowest":[156],"cognitive":[157],"load,":[158],"followed":[159],"by":[160],"This":[166],"implies":[167],"individual":[170],"impacts":[177],"during":[178],"game-based":[181,194],"process.":[183],"findings":[185],"good":[188],"reference":[189],"for":[190],"developing":[191],"future":[192],"research":[196],"with":[197],"support.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
