{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2955864341","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2019.1636090","title":"Using robot-based practices to develop an activity that incorporated the 6E model to improve elementary school students\u2019 learning performances","display_name":"Using robot-based practices to develop an activity that incorporated the 6E model to improve elementary school students\u2019 learning performances","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2955864341","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2019.1636090","mag":"2955864341"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10494820.2019.1636090","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2019.1636090","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90466346","display_name":"Interactive Learning Environments","issn_l":"1049-4820","issn":["1049-4820","1744-5191"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interactive Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110429055","display_name":"Hsien-Sheng Hsiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134161618","display_name":"National Taiwan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/059dkdx38","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hsien-Sheng Hsiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Language and Technology Center, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)","Department of Technology Application and Human Resource Development, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)","Institule for Research Excellence in Learning Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Language and Technology Center, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technology Application and Human Resource Development, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institule for Research Excellence in Learning Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112452923","display_name":"Yi-Wei Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Wei Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Testing and Assessment, National Academy for Educational Research, New Taipei City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Testing and Assessment, National Academy for Educational Research, New Taipei City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036018221","display_name":"Kuen\u2010Yi Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6250-0540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134161618","display_name":"National Taiwan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/059dkdx38","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuen-Yi Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technology Application and Human Resource Development, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technology Application and Human Resource Development, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037870921","display_name":"Chien-Yu Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0118-3112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166867","display_name":"National Institutes of Applied Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05wcstg80","country_code":"TW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128167","https://openalex.org/I4210166867"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chien-Yu Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science & Technology Policy Research and Information Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science & Technology Policy Research and Information Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112452924","display_name":"Jheng-Han Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134161618","display_name":"National Taiwan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/059dkdx38","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jheng-Han Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technology Application and Human Resource Development, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)","Research Center for Testing and Assessment, National Academy for Educational Research, New Taipei City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technology Application and Human Resource Development, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Testing and Assessment, National Academy for Educational Research, New Taipei City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050821460","display_name":"Jyun\u2010Chen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7560-8350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134161618","display_name":"National Taiwan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/059dkdx38","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jheng-Han Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technology Application and Human Resource Development, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)","Research Center for Testing and Assessment, National Academy for Educational Research, New Taipei City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technology Application and Human Resource Development, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Testing and Assessment, National Academy for Educational Research, New Taipei City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jyun-Chen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7560-8350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134161618","display_name":"National Taiwan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/059dkdx38","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jyun-Chen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technology Application and Human Resource Development, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)","Research Center for Testing and Assessment, National Academy for Educational Research, New Taipei City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technology Application and Human Resource Development, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Testing and Assessment, National Academy for Educational Research, New Taipei City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jyun-Chen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7560-8350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134161618","display_name":"National Taiwan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/059dkdx38","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jyun-Chen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technology Application and Human Resource Development, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)","Research Center for Testing and Assessment, National Academy for Educational Research, New Taipei City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technology Application and Human Resource Development, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Testing and Assessment, National Academy for Educational Research, New Taipei City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050821460"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.1848,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96798503,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"1","first_page":"85","last_page":"99"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13827","display_name":"Mechatronics Education and Applications","score":0.9556000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11283","display_name":"Experimental Learning in Engineering","score":0.9047999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.6057323217391968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5439758896827698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.32355356216430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2751624584197998}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.6057323217391968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5439758896827698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32355356216430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2751624584197998}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10494820.2019.1636090","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2019.1636090","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90466346","display_name":"Interactive Learning Environments","issn_l":"1049-4820","issn":["1049-4820","1744-5191"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interactive Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1960491378","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"108-2511-H-656-001-MY2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309618","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3687154895","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"106-2511-S-003-019-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309618","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4891935476","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 105-2511-S-003-049-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309618","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7564721349","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"107-2511-H-003-046-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309618","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309618","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02b207r52"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323837","display_name":"National Taiwan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/059dkdx38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323900","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334571","display_name":"Directorate for STEM Education","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337407","display_name":"Division of Human Resource Development","ror":"https://ror.org/03mamvh39"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1423779402","https://openalex.org/W1483715820","https://openalex.org/W1490349051","https://openalex.org/W1947095349","https://openalex.org/W1978465340","https://openalex.org/W1979364456","https://openalex.org/W1987296610","https://openalex.org/W1987701577","https://openalex.org/W1995105354","https://openalex.org/W1998248455","https://openalex.org/W2015900931","https://openalex.org/W2016738977","https://openalex.org/W2029059553","https://openalex.org/W2040947935","https://openalex.org/W2060486579","https://openalex.org/W2067385796","https://openalex.org/W2070083722","https://openalex.org/W2070635017","https://openalex.org/W2081298655","https://openalex.org/W2100029531","https://openalex.org/W2103184288","https://openalex.org/W2111735684","https://openalex.org/W2114715341","https://openalex.org/W2120958539","https://openalex.org/W2144049026","https://openalex.org/W2155893558","https://openalex.org/W2160851124","https://openalex.org/W2234466495","https://openalex.org/W2319615104","https://openalex.org/W2327445908","https://openalex.org/W2339183141","https://openalex.org/W2345507532","https://openalex.org/W2346072531","https://openalex.org/W2469215612","https://openalex.org/W2471105315","https://openalex.org/W2604181708","https://openalex.org/W2620306529","https://openalex.org/W2725995496","https://openalex.org/W2727382786","https://openalex.org/W2794978384","https://openalex.org/W2799667598","https://openalex.org/W2806059256","https://openalex.org/W2810267126","https://openalex.org/W2891613388","https://openalex.org/W2897616367","https://openalex.org/W2955497562","https://openalex.org/W2993889737","https://openalex.org/W2994490595","https://openalex.org/W3011480846","https://openalex.org/W3034125497","https://openalex.org/W4210357744","https://openalex.org/W4243440122","https://openalex.org/W4252991377","https://openalex.org/W4254814196","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4299678639","https://openalex.org/W4300870773"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,100],"study":[1,61,101,178],"used":[2],"robot-based":[3,74],"practices":[4],"to":[5,22,31,42,47,66,105,187],"develop":[6],"an":[7],"activity":[8,75,97],"that":[9,150],"incorporated":[10],"the":[11,38,49,53,57,69,73,77,96,117,123,147,168],"6E":[12,78],"model.":[13],"The":[14,60,127,144],"sixth-grade":[15,108],"students":[16,39,70,109,154],"learned":[17,40,72,95],"interdisciplinary":[18],"knowledge":[19],"about":[20],"how":[21,41],"use":[23,43],"Arduino":[24],"electronic":[25],"components,":[26],"microcontrollers,":[27],"and":[28,51,89,122,164,191],"hands-on":[29,90,165],"tools":[30],"make":[32],"a":[33,63,132,138,180],"\u201cCrab":[34,54],"Robot.\u201d":[35],"In":[36],"addition,":[37],"Scratch":[44],"programming":[45,192],"language":[46],"control":[48,124],"robot":[50],"complete":[52],"Robot":[55],"Crossing":[56],"Road\u201d":[58],"task.":[59],"implemented":[62],"quasi-experimental":[64],"design":[65,193],"examine":[67],"whether":[68],"who":[71,94,185],"using":[76],"model":[79],"acquired":[80],"better":[81],"learning":[82,84,157,159],"motivation,":[83,158],"performance,":[85,160],"computational":[86,161],"thinking":[87,162],"ability,":[88,163],"ability":[91],"than":[92],"those":[93],"through":[98],"lectures.":[99],"adopted":[102],"purposive":[103],"sampling":[104],"select":[106],"70":[107],"from":[110,146],"four":[111],"classes,":[112],"which":[113],"were":[114,172],"divided":[115],"into":[116],"experimental":[118,169],"group":[119,125],"(6E":[120],"model)":[121],"(lectures).":[126],"experiment":[128],"was":[129],"conducted":[130],"over":[131],"period":[133],"of":[134,141,153],"18":[135],"weeks":[136],"(for":[137],"total":[139],"duration":[140],"1,440":[142],"minutes).":[143],"results":[145],"pretests-posttests":[148],"showed":[149],"both":[151],"groups":[152],"improved":[155],"their":[156],"ability;":[166],"however,":[167],"group\u2019s":[170],"scores":[171],"significantly":[173],"better.":[174],"More":[175],"importantly,":[176],"this":[177],"provides":[179],"pedagogy":[181],"manuscript":[182],"for":[183],"instructors":[184],"want":[186],"teach":[188],"mechatronics":[189],"programs":[190],"education.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T06:03:46.269776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
