{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7083678871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2025.2561185","title":"On Using AI for EEG-Based BCI Applications: Problems, Current Challenges and Future Trends","display_name":"On Using AI for EEG-Based BCI Applications: Problems, Current Challenges and Future Trends","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7083678871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2025.2561185"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2561185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2025.2561185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165559636","display_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1044-7318","issn":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2434/1188139","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Thomas Barbera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5684-1867"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Barbera","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Milano-Bicocca"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5684-1867","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Milano-Bicocca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jacopo Burger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3048-2038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacopo Burger","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Milan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3048-2038","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Milan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Alessandro D\u2019Amelio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8210-4457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro D\u2019Amelio","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Milan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8210-4457","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Milan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Simone Zini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8505-1581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simone Zini","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Milano-Bicocca"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8505-1581","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Milano-Bicocca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Simone Bianco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7070-1545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simone Bianco","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Milano-Bicocca"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7070-1545","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Milano-Bicocca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Raffaella Lanzarotti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8534-4413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raffaella Lanzarotti","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Milan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8534-4413","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Milan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Paolo Napoletano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9112-0574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Napoletano","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Milano-Bicocca"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9112-0574","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Milano-Bicocca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Giuseppe Boccignone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5572-0924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Boccignone","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Milan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5572-0924","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Milan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jose Luis Contreras-Vidal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6499-1208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Luis Contreras-Vidal","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Houston"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6499-1208","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Houston","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":63.1921,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99800021,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"11","first_page":"7791","last_page":"7810"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12977","display_name":"Spanish Literature and Culture Studies","score":0.1460999995470047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12977","display_name":"Spanish Literature and Culture Studies","score":0.1460999995470047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12275","display_name":"Gender and Feminist Studies","score":0.09160000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13466","display_name":"Comparative Literary Analysis and Criticism","score":0.07829999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.5291000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5171999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.4596000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-general-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","score":0.32179999351501465}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.5291000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5171999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.4596000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4413999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.4413999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.36480000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162027153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2264109","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","level":2,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779018934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129653","display_name":"Everyday life","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78780964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7233193","display_name":"Position paper","level":2,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780910867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952416","display_name":"Multimodality","level":2,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186720457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7087","display_name":"Consciousness","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164614171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5204775","display_name":"DECIPHER","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2561185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2025.2561185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165559636","display_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1044-7318","issn":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:air.unimi.it:2434/1188139","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2434/1188139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400516","display_name":"Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","host_organization_name":"University of Milan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:boa.unimib.it:10281/583014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10281/583014","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401259","display_name":"BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:air.unimi.it:2434/1188139","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2434/1188139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400516","display_name":"Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","host_organization_name":"University of Milan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":89,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022001952","https://openalex.org/W2023133322","https://openalex.org/W2520856740","https://openalex.org/W2559463885","https://openalex.org/W2608387749","https://openalex.org/W2741907166","https://openalex.org/W2767304915","https://openalex.org/W2798878556","https://openalex.org/W2801394824","https://openalex.org/W2887397374","https://openalex.org/W2898626410","https://openalex.org/W2912270846","https://openalex.org/W2912885887","https://openalex.org/W2915893085","https://openalex.org/W2957657110","https://openalex.org/W2963727766","https://openalex.org/W2980481100","https://openalex.org/W2990793844","https://openalex.org/W3005195149","https://openalex.org/W3006966652","https://openalex.org/W3019073377","https://openalex.org/W3040552008","https://openalex.org/W3046474724","https://openalex.org/W3047208690","https://openalex.org/W3060737652","https://openalex.org/W3083218890","https://openalex.org/W3083221507","https://openalex.org/W3090425814","https://openalex.org/W3092342532","https://openalex.org/W3096176982","https://openalex.org/W3103616911","https://openalex.org/W3112695512","https://openalex.org/W3120395234","https://openalex.org/W3126854045","https://openalex.org/W3127906859","https://openalex.org/W3133617246","https://openalex.org/W3135588948","https://openalex.org/W3137322316","https://openalex.org/W3167195439","https://openalex.org/W3177342940","https://openalex.org/W3211895785","https://openalex.org/W4200389064","https://openalex.org/W4220780312","https://openalex.org/W4224943994","https://openalex.org/W4283455026","https://openalex.org/W4286587846","https://openalex.org/W4291910522","https://openalex.org/W4294811288","https://openalex.org/W4306756967","https://openalex.org/W4315605987","https://openalex.org/W4321484024","https://openalex.org/W4362553569","https://openalex.org/W4362681503","https://openalex.org/W4363679399","https://openalex.org/W4376615369","https://openalex.org/W4376616215","https://openalex.org/W4380739357","https://openalex.org/W4386320418","https://openalex.org/W4387267398","https://openalex.org/W4388240351","https://openalex.org/W4394723066","https://openalex.org/W4394800868","https://openalex.org/W4394812986","https://openalex.org/W4396214358","https://openalex.org/W4396577542","https://openalex.org/W4396765624","https://openalex.org/W4397026451","https://openalex.org/W4399727977","https://openalex.org/W4399768059","https://openalex.org/W4400106431","https://openalex.org/W4400106650","https://openalex.org/W4401879161","https://openalex.org/W4402401431","https://openalex.org/W4402559600","https://openalex.org/W4402773018","https://openalex.org/W4403473963","https://openalex.org/W4403553060","https://openalex.org/W4404036019","https://openalex.org/W4404112571","https://openalex.org/W4404136314","https://openalex.org/W4404194553","https://openalex.org/W4404199554","https://openalex.org/W4405014290","https://openalex.org/W4406611705","https://openalex.org/W4409089637","https://openalex.org/W4410106756","https://openalex.org/W4411408477","https://openalex.org/W4411949490","https://openalex.org/W4412015201"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Imagine":[0],"unlocking":[1],"the":[2,5,14,49,76,141,158,168],"power":[3],"of":[4,72,122,136,149],"mind":[6],"to":[7,51,64,96,144,172,195],"communicate,":[8],"create,":[9],"and":[10,29,68,89,108,125,139,152,167,189,205],"even":[11,69],"interact":[12],"with":[13],"world":[15],"around":[16],"us.":[17],"Recent":[18],"breakthroughs":[19],"in":[20,25,37,101,213],"Artificial":[21],"Intelligence":[22],"(AI),":[23],"especially":[24],"how":[26],"machines":[27],"\u201csee\u201d":[28],"\u201cunderstand\u201d":[30],"language,":[31],"are":[32],"now":[33],"fueling":[34],"exciting":[35],"progress":[36],"decoding":[38],"brain":[39],"signals":[40],"from":[41,163],"scalp":[42],"electroencephalography":[43],"(EEG).":[44],"Prima":[45],"facie,":[46],"this":[47,123,150],"opens":[48],"door":[50],"revolutionary":[52],"brain-computer":[53],"interfaces":[54],"(BCIs)":[55],"designed":[56],"for":[57,85,201],"real":[58],"life,":[59],"moving":[60],"beyond":[61],"traditional":[62],"uses":[63],"envision":[65],"Brain-to-Speech,":[66],"Brain-to-Image,":[67],"a":[70,119,134,146,164,198],"Brain-to-Internet":[71],"Things":[73],"(BCIoT).":[74],"However,":[75],"journey":[77],"is":[78,143,194],"not":[79],"as":[80,82],"straightforward":[81],"it":[83],"was":[84],"Computer":[86],"Vision":[87],"(CV)":[88],"Natural":[90],"Language":[91],"Processing":[92],"(NLP).":[93],"Applying":[94],"AI":[95],"real-world":[97],"EEG-based":[98,207],"BCIs,":[99],"particularly":[100],"building":[102],"powerful":[103],"foundational":[104],"models,":[105],"presents":[106],"unique":[107],"intricate":[109],"hurdles":[110],"that":[111,161,183,210],"could":[112,184],"affect":[113],"their":[114],"reliability.":[115],"Here,":[116],"we":[117,177],"unfold":[118],"guided":[120],"exploration":[121],"dynamic":[124],"rapidly":[126],"evolving":[127],"research":[128,154,181],"area.":[129],"Rather":[130],"than":[131],"barely":[132],"outlining":[133],"map":[135],"current":[137],"endeavors":[138],"results,":[140],"goal":[142],"provide":[145],"principled":[147],"navigation":[148],"hot":[151],"cutting-edge":[153],"landscape.":[155],"We":[156],"consider":[157],"basic":[159],"paradigms":[160],"emerge":[162],"causal":[165],"perspective":[166],"attendant":[169],"challenges":[170],"presented":[171],"AI-based":[173],"models.":[174],"Looking":[175],"ahead,":[176],"then":[178],"discuss":[179],"promising":[180],"avenues":[182],"overcome":[185],"today\u2019s":[186],"technological,":[187],"methodological,":[188],"ethical":[190],"limitations.":[191],"Our":[192],"aim":[193],"lay":[196],"out":[197],"clear":[199],"roadmap":[200],"creating":[202],"truly":[203],"practical":[204],"effective":[206],"BCI":[208],"solutions":[209],"can":[211],"thrive":[212],"everyday":[214],"environments.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-18T08:10:14.011955","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}