{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392052250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2318535","title":"A Structured Approach to the Development and Evaluation of a Virtual Reality Eye Examination Simulation","display_name":"A Structured Approach to the Development and Evaluation of a Virtual Reality Eye Examination Simulation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392052250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2318535"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2318535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2318535","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10447318.2024.2318535?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165559636","display_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1044-7318","issn":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10447318.2024.2318535?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103267370","display_name":"Abhishek Rao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1158-8500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799630439","display_name":"Sandwell & West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzf3276","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799630439"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhishek Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Postgraduate Centre, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust","Postgraduate Centre, City Hospital, Sandwell and","Postgraduate Centre, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postgraduate Centre, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799630439"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postgraduate Centre, City Hospital, Sandwell and","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postgraduate Centre, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042253387","display_name":"Sara Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7481-0434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University","College of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008550074","display_name":"D.Gareth R. Evans","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deborah Evans","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University","College of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040202164","display_name":"Rasheed Mohammad Nassr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0800-428X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rasheed Nassr","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University","College of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113737701","display_name":"David Carruthers","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799630439","display_name":"Sandwell & West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzf3276","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799630439"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Carruthers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Postgraduate Centre, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust","Postgraduate Centre, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK","Postgraduate Centre, City Hospital, Sandwell and"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postgraduate Centre, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799630439"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postgraduate Centre, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postgraduate Centre, City Hospital, Sandwell and","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056895320","display_name":"Andrew Wilson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7064-6681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Sean Wilson","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University","College of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056895320"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.078,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73227821,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"4","first_page":"2253","last_page":"2267"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14384","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Health Research","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14384","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Health Research","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11238","display_name":"Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare","score":0.9559999704360962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.7036510705947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5108866095542908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49785518646240234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.46929699182510376}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.7036510705947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5108866095542908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49785518646240234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.46929699182510376}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2318535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2318535","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10447318.2024.2318535?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165559636","display_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1044-7318","issn":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.open-access.bcu.ac.uk:15273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://www.open-access.bcu.ac.uk/15273/1/A%20Structured%20Approach%20to%20the%20Development%20and%20Evaluation%20of%20a%20Virtual%20Reality%20Eye%20Examination%20Simulation.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402654","display_name":"BCU Open Access Repository (Birmingham City University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","host_organization_name":"Birmingham City University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2318535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2318535","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10447318.2024.2318535?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165559636","display_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1044-7318","issn":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392052250.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392052250.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W578229345","https://openalex.org/W591743112","https://openalex.org/W1791587663","https://openalex.org/W1975691516","https://openalex.org/W2012016729","https://openalex.org/W2023718959","https://openalex.org/W2032191478","https://openalex.org/W2043555414","https://openalex.org/W2117595124","https://openalex.org/W2117968293","https://openalex.org/W2126320044","https://openalex.org/W2134176539","https://openalex.org/W2561850863","https://openalex.org/W2594288623","https://openalex.org/W2606742207","https://openalex.org/W2767234773","https://openalex.org/W2777151428","https://openalex.org/W2979585747","https://openalex.org/W2981369174","https://openalex.org/W2998893721","https://openalex.org/W3035506419","https://openalex.org/W3141785949","https://openalex.org/W4256056690","https://openalex.org/W6632910191","https://openalex.org/W7043454694"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4378228679","https://openalex.org/W2736982640","https://openalex.org/W4378228262","https://openalex.org/W3107375852","https://openalex.org/W2752321621","https://openalex.org/W2789244453","https://openalex.org/W2064841972","https://openalex.org/W1990434954","https://openalex.org/W4233285124","https://openalex.org/W2116558157"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ophthalmoscopy":[0],"is":[1,7],"a":[2,17],"required":[3],"clinical":[4,177],"skill":[5],"which":[6],"difficult":[8],"to":[9,21,44,72,82,92,139,152,188,207],"learn.":[10],"This":[11],"paper":[12],"describes":[13],"the":[14,31,63,147,154,189,208],"development":[15,193],"of":[16,24,128,149,158,162,166,172,185,191],"VR":[18],"ophthalmoscopy":[19],"app":[20],"support":[22],"learning":[23],"this":[25,141,170,195],"skill.":[26],"It":[27],"was":[28,101],"developed":[29],"using":[30],"Unity":[32],"game":[33],"engine,":[34],"Google":[35],"Cardboard":[36],"TM":[37],"and":[38,53,57,111,130,156],"smart":[39],"phone.":[40],"Forty-eight":[41,116],"clinicians":[42,204],"agreed":[43],"evaluate":[45],"it":[46,132],"for":[47],"system":[48],"usability":[49],"(SUS),":[50],"technology":[51,121,173],"acceptance":[52],"knowledge":[54],"acquisition":[55],"(pre":[56],"post":[58],"quizzes).":[59],"Twenty-seven":[60],"volunteers":[61,117],"undertook":[62],"quiz.":[64],"Mean":[65],"scores":[66],"improved":[67,133],"by":[68],"all":[69],"(6.3":[70],"1.5":[71,81,91],"8.4":[73],"0.8":[74,94],"p":[75,85,95],"<":[76,86,96],"0.001);":[77],"medical":[78,105],"students":[79,106],"(6.2":[80],"8.5":[83],"0.9":[84],"0.001":[87],"n:20);":[88],"doctors":[89,112],"(6.4":[90],"8.3":[93],"0.05":[97],"n:7).":[98],"Overall,":[99],"SUS":[100],"74":[102],"11":[103],"(n:33),":[104],"rating":[107],"72":[108],"12":[109],"(n:20)":[110],"77":[113],"9":[114],"(n:13).":[115],"provided":[118],"feedback":[119],"on":[120],"acceptance.":[122],"All":[123],"highly":[124],"rated":[125],"its":[126],"ease":[127,157],"use":[129,159],"how":[131],"their":[134,176],"confidence":[135],"in":[136],"being":[137],"able":[138],"perform":[140,153],"diagnostic":[142],"procedure.":[143],"Regression":[144],"analyses":[145],"emphasized":[146],"importance":[148],"usability,":[150],"ability":[151],"task":[155],"as":[160],"predictors":[161],"success.":[163],"Ninety":[164],"percent":[165],"users":[167],"felt":[168],"that":[169,202],"type":[171],"would":[174],"benefit":[175],"training":[178],"but":[179],"should":[180],"not":[181],"replace":[182],"other":[183],"forms":[184],"teaching.":[186],"Owing":[187],"lack":[190],"technical-focused":[192],"frameworks":[194],"study":[196],"also":[197],"defines":[198],"an":[199],"appropriate":[200],"framework":[201],"ensures":[203],"are":[205],"central":[206],"process.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}