{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4375864624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2023.2204272","title":"Optical Character Recognition (OCR)-Based and Gaussian Mixture Modeling-OCR-Based Slide-Level \u201cWith-Me-Ness\u201d: Automated Measurement and Feedback of Learners\u2019 Attention State during Video Lectures","display_name":"Optical Character Recognition (OCR)-Based and Gaussian Mixture Modeling-OCR-Based Slide-Level \u201cWith-Me-Ness\u201d: Automated Measurement and Feedback of Learners\u2019 Attention State during Video Lectures","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4375864624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2023.2204272"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2204272","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2023.2204272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165559636","display_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1044-7318","issn":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077433044","display_name":"Chengchen Lyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4295-5142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128676","display_name":"Human Computer Interaction (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/036dv6j71","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CH","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengchen Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Lab of Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences","School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","Beijing Key Lab of Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China","School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4295-5142","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Lab of Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128676","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Lab of Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086954937","display_name":"Hui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2312-4298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128676","display_name":"Human Computer Interaction (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/036dv6j71","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CH","CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Lab of Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences","School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","Beijing Key Lab of Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China","School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2312-4298","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Lab of Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128676","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Lab of Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067939855","display_name":"Xiaolan Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9240-8510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128676","display_name":"Human Computer Interaction (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/036dv6j71","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CH","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolan Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Lab of Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences","School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","Beijing Key Lab of Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China","School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9240-8510","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Lab of Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128676","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Lab of Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101611732","display_name":"Juntao Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2201-4449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115038","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/026venb53","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327","https://openalex.org/I4210115038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128676","display_name":"Human Computer Interaction (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/036dv6j71","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676"]}],"countries":["CA","CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juntao Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Human Machine Interaction Lab","Huawei Human Machine Interaction Lab, Markham, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2201-4449","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Human Machine Interaction Lab","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Human Machine Interaction Lab, Markham, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013118329","display_name":"Hongan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9320-4920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128676","display_name":"Human Computer Interaction (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/036dv6j71","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CH","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Lab of Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences","School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","Beijing Key Lab of Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China","School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9320-4920","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Lab of Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128676","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Lab of Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086954937"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128676","https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5948,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66913589,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"15","first_page":"3952","last_page":"3971"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9760000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7568536996841431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.7287195920944214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.617027997970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.563459575176239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5623959302902222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.5513196587562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.4674105644226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.46193113923072815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4484173059463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.4316127300262451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4184202551841736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.41357845067977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3791585862636566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.35761791467666626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.2205527424812317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.15758159756660461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09272420406341553}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7568536996841431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.7287195920944214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.617027997970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.563459575176239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5623959302902222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.5513196587562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.4674105644226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.46193113923072815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4484173059463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.4316127300262451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4184202551841736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.41357845067977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3791585862636566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.35761791467666626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2205527424812317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.15758159756660461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09272420406341553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2204272","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2023.2204272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165559636","display_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1044-7318","issn":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493830902","https://openalex.org/W1550621568","https://openalex.org/W1803802947","https://openalex.org/W2010015254","https://openalex.org/W2014159540","https://openalex.org/W2033712531","https://openalex.org/W2048327465","https://openalex.org/W2052348778","https://openalex.org/W2052596350","https://openalex.org/W2064818667","https://openalex.org/W2065209767","https://openalex.org/W2074432876","https://openalex.org/W2076158475","https://openalex.org/W2077164474","https://openalex.org/W2081112272","https://openalex.org/W2095289676","https://openalex.org/W2102804490","https://openalex.org/W2112845172","https://openalex.org/W2125453231","https://openalex.org/W2140541004","https://openalex.org/W2141888607","https://openalex.org/W2153076044","https://openalex.org/W2161498332","https://openalex.org/W2169721296","https://openalex.org/W2472197093","https://openalex.org/W2578403589","https://openalex.org/W2586412449","https://openalex.org/W2610809258","https://openalex.org/W2614441165","https://openalex.org/W2618146709","https://openalex.org/W2620506035","https://openalex.org/W2750737548","https://openalex.org/W2778828356","https://openalex.org/W2786205126","https://openalex.org/W2807206850","https://openalex.org/W2890790222","https://openalex.org/W2900656510","https://openalex.org/W2911240583","https://openalex.org/W2911328314","https://openalex.org/W2913898034","https://openalex.org/W2918080170","https://openalex.org/W2940637001","https://openalex.org/W2946097038","https://openalex.org/W2949415906","https://openalex.org/W2955861066","https://openalex.org/W2971628438","https://openalex.org/W2999817231","https://openalex.org/W3001679613","https://openalex.org/W3007187541","https://openalex.org/W3030943655","https://openalex.org/W3031908897","https://openalex.org/W3032912502","https://openalex.org/W3032933677","https://openalex.org/W3081110306","https://openalex.org/W3082311725","https://openalex.org/W3100926467","https://openalex.org/W3116718752","https://openalex.org/W3119608305","https://openalex.org/W3123915531","https://openalex.org/W3140981887","https://openalex.org/W3160281558","https://openalex.org/W3161778622","https://openalex.org/W3162876491","https://openalex.org/W3163011304","https://openalex.org/W3205948229","https://openalex.org/W4214908293","https://openalex.org/W4224988986","https://openalex.org/W4254732145","https://openalex.org/W4299353043","https://openalex.org/W4300672471","https://openalex.org/W6638151354","https://openalex.org/W6893254818","https://openalex.org/W6991016069"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2368605798","https://openalex.org/W2518037665","https://openalex.org/W2348524959","https://openalex.org/W2368049389","https://openalex.org/W2170801710","https://openalex.org/W2384861574","https://openalex.org/W2952704802","https://openalex.org/W4324119469","https://openalex.org/W2164868312","https://openalex.org/W2160650576"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"video":[1,24,97,128],"lectures":[2],"are":[3,117],"gaining":[4],"more":[5],"popularity,":[6],"determining":[7],"their":[8],"effectiveness":[9],"and":[10,71,79,99,114,119,135],"obtaining":[11],"valuable":[12],"feedback":[13,141],"have":[14],"become":[15],"necessary.":[16],"To":[17],"measure":[18,83],"the":[19,28,53,84,143],"learners\u2019":[20,85,124],"attention":[21,86,125],"state":[22],"during":[23,127],"lectures,":[25],"we":[26],"specified":[27],"conceptual":[29],"\u201cwith-me-ness\u201d":[30],"(WMN)":[31],"as":[32],"slide-level":[33],"WMN":[34,70,73],"(SL-WMN).":[35],"The":[36,108],"content":[37],"domain":[38],"on":[39],"each":[40],"slide":[41],"was":[42],"automatically":[43],"extracted":[44],"via":[45,77],"an":[46,90],"optical":[47],"character":[48],"recognition":[49],"(OCR)-based":[50],"method,":[51],"while":[52],"eye":[54],"gazing":[55],"behaviors":[56],"were":[57,74],"analyzed":[58],"through":[59],"a":[60],"Gaussian":[61],"mixture":[62],"modeling":[63],"(GMM)":[64],"fixation":[65],"clustering":[66],"method.":[67],"Both":[68],"domain-specific":[69],"behavior-enriched":[72],"then":[75],"computed":[76],"OCR-":[78,113],"GMM-OCR-based":[80,115],"methods":[81],"to":[82,92],"levels.":[87],"We":[88],"conducted":[89],"experiment":[91],"collect":[93],"in-lecture":[94],"eye-tracking":[95],"data,":[96],"recordings,":[98],"post-lecture":[100],"test":[101],"scores":[102],"from":[103,132],"50":[104],"Grade":[105],"8":[106],"students.":[107],"results":[109],"demonstrated":[110],"that":[111],"both":[112],"SL-WMNs":[116],"reliable":[118],"compatible":[120],"automatic":[121],"measurements":[122],"of":[123],"states":[126],"lectures.":[129],"A":[130],"survey":[131],"participating":[133],"learners":[134],"lecturers":[136],"also":[137],"revealed":[138],"highly":[139],"favorable":[140],"for":[142],"developed":[144],"SL-WMNs.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
