{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3176848049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.1938394","title":"Learning Vocabulary Using 2D Pictures is More Effective than Using Immersive 3D Stereoscopic Pictures","display_name":"Learning Vocabulary Using 2D Pictures is More Effective than Using Immersive 3D Stereoscopic Pictures","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3176848049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.1938394","mag":"3176848049"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10447318.2021.1938394","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.1938394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165559636","display_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1044-7318","issn":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070423757","display_name":"Regina Kaplan\u2010Rakowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6769-7784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Regina Kaplan-Rakowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Learning Technologies, University of North Texas, Denton, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6769-7784","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Learning Technologies, University of North Texas, Denton, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lin Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9630-9744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Learning Technologies, University of North Texas, Denton, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9630-9744","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Learning Technologies, University of North Texas, Denton, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009328901","display_name":"Tomasz Wojdy\u0144ski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0343-013X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomasz Wojdynski","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Banking and Management, Cracow, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0343-013X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Banking and Management, Cracow, Poland","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070423757"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4873,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92581792,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"4","first_page":"299","last_page":"308"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereoscopy","display_name":"Stereoscopy","score":0.6865272521972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.6556078195571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6294592618942261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary-learning","display_name":"Vocabulary learning","score":0.5629016757011414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immersion","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","score":0.4869750440120697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.4683971405029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.46477964520454407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.43432679772377014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3727143406867981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35848134756088257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3490350842475891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.2708435654640198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.25459039211273193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08156746625900269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.06004342436790466}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126057942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35158","display_name":"Stereoscopy","level":2,"score":0.6865272521972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.6556078195571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6294592618942261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984601542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48842322","display_name":"Vocabulary learning","level":3,"score":0.5629016757011414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199068039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574523","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4869750440120697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4683971405029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.46477964520454407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.43432679772377014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3727143406867981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35848134756088257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3490350842475891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2708435654640198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.25459039211273193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08156746625900269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.06004342436790466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10447318.2021.1938394","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.1938394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165559636","display_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1044-7318","issn":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W180871108","https://openalex.org/W1483155202","https://openalex.org/W1484119860","https://openalex.org/W1572811090","https://openalex.org/W1596518478","https://openalex.org/W1966124261","https://openalex.org/W1975274588","https://openalex.org/W1985149490","https://openalex.org/W1985254872","https://openalex.org/W1989518033","https://openalex.org/W1995669036","https://openalex.org/W1997973604","https://openalex.org/W2017874977","https://openalex.org/W2037893666","https://openalex.org/W2038921453","https://openalex.org/W2039175966","https://openalex.org/W2041535199","https://openalex.org/W2046036800","https://openalex.org/W2061021258","https://openalex.org/W2068391117","https://openalex.org/W2073834157","https://openalex.org/W2101906776","https://openalex.org/W2103037305","https://openalex.org/W2108234938","https://openalex.org/W2114282361","https://openalex.org/W2119984849","https://openalex.org/W2120473918","https://openalex.org/W2134501117","https://openalex.org/W2137576942","https://openalex.org/W2138996901","https://openalex.org/W2166329548","https://openalex.org/W2299102577","https://openalex.org/W2338653889","https://openalex.org/W2507785345","https://openalex.org/W2579555219","https://openalex.org/W2612798688","https://openalex.org/W2622020793","https://openalex.org/W2626655172","https://openalex.org/W2771572381","https://openalex.org/W2777517149","https://openalex.org/W2791264377","https://openalex.org/W2803959925","https://openalex.org/W2898663280","https://openalex.org/W2900616564","https://openalex.org/W2900692870","https://openalex.org/W2903753338","https://openalex.org/W2935844646","https://openalex.org/W2977948289","https://openalex.org/W2980944390","https://openalex.org/W3011587542","https://openalex.org/W3012611173","https://openalex.org/W3035249067","https://openalex.org/W3111442747","https://openalex.org/W3162136759","https://openalex.org/W3201030846","https://openalex.org/W4213346165","https://openalex.org/W4237112997","https://openalex.org/W4237513721"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2761440582","https://openalex.org/W3019875293","https://openalex.org/W2351746492","https://openalex.org/W2367621846","https://openalex.org/W2394096350","https://openalex.org/W2091742426","https://openalex.org/W2365662948","https://openalex.org/W1988910916","https://openalex.org/W2380430606","https://openalex.org/W2016959312"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"experimental":[1],"study":[2,45],"investigated":[3],"the":[4,105,114,119],"effect":[5],"of":[6,21,39,42,77,108],"immersive":[7,106,142],"stereoscopic":[8],"three-dimensional":[9],"(S3D)":[10],"pictures":[11,25,31,52,64,110],"on":[12,59,85,118],"productive":[13],"and":[14,148],"receptive":[15],"vocabulary":[16,60,120],"recall.":[17],"The":[18,37],"inherent":[19],"perception":[20],"depth":[22],"in":[23,141,145],"S3D":[24,51,78,86,109],"facilitates":[26],"learners\u2019":[27],"immersion,":[28],"making":[29],"those":[30],"a":[32],"potentially":[33],"effective":[34],"learning":[35,99,121,151],"aid.":[36],"results":[38],"paired":[40],"t-tests":[41],"this":[43],"within-subjects":[44],"(N":[46],"=":[47],"371)":[48],"revealed":[49],"that":[50,104,128],"were":[53],"associated":[54,82,96],"with":[55,71,83,97,100],"significantly":[56],"lower":[57],"scores":[58],"recall":[61],"than":[62],"two-dimensional":[63],"(2D).":[65],"Multivariate":[66],"regression":[67],"analysis":[68],"provided":[69],"us":[70],"two":[72],"additional":[73],"findings.":[74],"First,":[75],"ownership":[76],"equipment":[79],"was":[80,95],"positively":[81],"performance":[84],"images.":[87],"Second,":[88],"higher":[89],"self-reported":[90],"engagement":[91],"for":[92,133,139],"2D":[93,101],"images":[94],"better":[98],"images.We":[102],"suspect":[103],"nature":[107],"may":[111],"have":[112,130,137],"distracted":[113],"learners":[115],"from":[116],"focusing":[117],"task":[122],"or":[123],"taken":[124],"away":[125],"cognitive":[126],"resources":[127],"could":[129],"been":[131],"used":[132],"learning.":[134],"These":[135],"findings":[136],"implications":[138],"instruction":[140],"spaces,":[143],"including":[144],"virtual,":[146],"augmented,":[147],"mixed":[149],"reality-based":[150],"environments.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
