{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135699308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.1886483","title":"Self-Driving Vehicles and Pedestrian Interaction: Does an External Human-Machine Interface Mitigate the Threat of a Tinted Windshield or a Distracted Driver?","display_name":"Self-Driving Vehicles and Pedestrian Interaction: Does an External Human-Machine Interface Mitigate the Threat of a Tinted Windshield or a Distracted Driver?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135699308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.1886483","mag":"3135699308"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10447318.2021.1886483","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.1886483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165559636","display_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1044-7318","issn":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016831910","display_name":"Stefanie M. Faas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8206-7089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332474105","display_name":"Mercedes-Benz (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/055rn2a38","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefanie M. Faas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department Human Factors, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany","Mercedes-Benz AG, B\u00f6blingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8206-7089","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department Human Factors, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mercedes-Benz AG, B\u00f6blingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010384106","display_name":"Vanessa Stange","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332474105","display_name":"Mercedes-Benz (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/055rn2a38","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vanessa Stange","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mercedes-Benz AG, B\u00f6blingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mercedes-Benz AG, B\u00f6blingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058962505","display_name":"Martin Baumann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2668-2527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Baumann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department Human Factors, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2668-2527","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department Human Factors, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016831910"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105","https://openalex.org/I196349391"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7555,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97022787,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"14","first_page":"1364","last_page":"1374"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14056","display_name":"Safety Warnings and Signage","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/windshield","display_name":"Windshield","score":0.9509586095809937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.7317753434181213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.5455089211463928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wizard-of-oz","display_name":"Wizard of oz","score":0.4974973499774933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-contact","display_name":"Eye contact","score":0.46420130133628845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.41230806708335876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.35332491993904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3441814184188843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3364202678203583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3080933094024658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18166765570640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.14369553327560425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.11583182215690613}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780387288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13693","display_name":"Windshield","level":2,"score":0.9509586095809937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.7317753434181213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.5455089211463928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987423310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18159725","display_name":"Wizard of oz","level":2,"score":0.4974973499774933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183553116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633546","display_name":"Eye contact","level":2,"score":0.46420130133628845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.41230806708335876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.35332491993904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3441814184188843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3364202678203583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3080933094024658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18166765570640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.14369553327560425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.11583182215690613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10447318.2021.1886483","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.1886483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165559636","display_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1044-7318","issn":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1550809984","https://openalex.org/W1980985548","https://openalex.org/W1993257678","https://openalex.org/W2018260930","https://openalex.org/W2037557484","https://openalex.org/W2092416176","https://openalex.org/W2092795326","https://openalex.org/W2125697029","https://openalex.org/W2128083118","https://openalex.org/W2140007930","https://openalex.org/W2174455313","https://openalex.org/W2249595199","https://openalex.org/W2466605609","https://openalex.org/W2479380448","https://openalex.org/W2517170113","https://openalex.org/W2592496287","https://openalex.org/W2606385607","https://openalex.org/W2617145936","https://openalex.org/W2756874185","https://openalex.org/W2757876960","https://openalex.org/W2761435849","https://openalex.org/W2780878184","https://openalex.org/W2785516689","https://openalex.org/W2795538447","https://openalex.org/W2805439952","https://openalex.org/W2807460868","https://openalex.org/W2809902926","https://openalex.org/W2885381360","https://openalex.org/W2890784199","https://openalex.org/W2901419506","https://openalex.org/W2910350285","https://openalex.org/W2910833595","https://openalex.org/W2912065207","https://openalex.org/W2917265935","https://openalex.org/W2922896969","https://openalex.org/W2943486581","https://openalex.org/W2946779905","https://openalex.org/W2963697717","https://openalex.org/W2966930757","https://openalex.org/W2974358020","https://openalex.org/W2990381188","https://openalex.org/W2999042988","https://openalex.org/W3001293072","https://openalex.org/W3004652054","https://openalex.org/W3010871526","https://openalex.org/W3013330822","https://openalex.org/W3031314726","https://openalex.org/W3200788958"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973689121","https://openalex.org/W2313107300","https://openalex.org/W4320037918","https://openalex.org/W2796229485","https://openalex.org/W2406567157","https://openalex.org/W4311672568","https://openalex.org/W2085300222","https://openalex.org/W3164178421","https://openalex.org/W1006085423","https://openalex.org/W2950578663"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0,111],"self-driving":[1],"vehicles":[2],"(SDVs),":[3],"pedestrians":[4,39,63,90,114,143],"lose":[5],"the":[6,26,96,101,124,147],"possibility":[7],"of":[8],"making":[9],"eye":[10],"contact":[11],"with":[12,35,121],"an":[13,20,88,108,112,140],"attentive":[14,46,109],"driver.":[15,110],"This":[16],"study":[17],"investigated":[18],"whether":[19],"external":[21],"human-machine":[22],"interface":[23],"(eHMI)":[24],"displaying":[25],"automated":[27],"driving":[28],"mode":[29],"(a.":[30],"without":[31,87],"eHMI":[32,141],"vs.":[33],"b.":[34],"eHMI)":[36],"affects":[37],"how":[38],"respond":[40],"to":[41,107,123,144],"different":[42],"driver\u2019s":[43,125,148],"states:":[44],"(1)":[45],"driver,":[47],"(2)":[48],"tinted":[49,99],"windshield,":[50],"(3)":[51],"distracted":[52,104],"driver":[53,102],"(within-subject":[54],"design).":[55],"At":[56],"a":[57,65,69],"test":[58],"site,":[59],"N":[60],"=":[61],"65":[62],"crossed":[64],"pedestrian":[66],"crossing":[67,78,134],"while":[68],"Wizard-of-Oz":[70],"SDV":[71],"approached.":[72],"We":[73,127,137],"assessed":[74],"perceived":[75,119],"safety":[76,120],"and":[77],"onset":[79,135],"times":[80],"after":[81],"each":[82],"trial.":[83],"Findings":[84],"reveal":[85],"that":[86,139],"eHMI,":[89,113],"felt":[91],"significantly":[92],"less":[93],"safe":[94],"if":[95],"windshield":[97],"was":[98,103],"or":[100],"as":[105],"compared":[106],"did":[115],"not":[116,145],"differ":[117],"in":[118,132],"regard":[122],"state.":[126,149],"observed":[128],"no":[129],"significant":[130],"differences":[131],"pedestrians\u2019":[133],"times.":[136],"conclude":[138],"helps":[142],"consider":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}