{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2014032176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447310903498742","title":"From the 6 Ps of Planning to the 4 Ds of Digitization: Difficulties, Dilemmas, and Defective Decision Making","display_name":"From the 6 Ps of Planning to the 4 Ds of Digitization: Difficulties, Dilemmas, and Defective Decision Making","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2014032176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447310903498742","mag":"2014032176"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10447310903498742","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447310903498742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165559636","display_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1044-7318","issn":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001788144","display_name":"Guy H. Walker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9852-1132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085930","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/0059w0420","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210085930"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guy H. Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh, Scotland","Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004792776","display_name":"Neville A. Stanton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8562-3279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neville A. Stanton","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southampton , UK","University of Southampton"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103491275","display_name":"Daniel P. Jenkins","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel P. Jenkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sociotechnic Solutions Limited , Herts, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sociotechnic Solutions Limited , Herts, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090048784","display_name":"Paul M. Salmon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7403-0286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul M. Salmon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Monash University , Victoria, Australia","Monash University, Victoria Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monash University , Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monash University, Victoria Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091291266","display_name":"Laura Rafferty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4095-0222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Rafferty","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southampton , UK","University of Southampton"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001788144"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4562,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84829062,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"2-3","first_page":"173","last_page":"188"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12000","display_name":"Systems Engineering Methodologies and Applications","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12000","display_name":"Systems Engineering Methodologies and Applications","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11810","display_name":"Complex Systems and Decision Making","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14306","display_name":"Technology Assessment and Management","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digitization","display_name":"Digitization","score":0.8213150501251221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.7347212433815002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5972332954406738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-overload","display_name":"Information overload","score":0.5011413097381592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.48211050033569336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.47806599736213684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raw-data","display_name":"Raw data","score":0.4632813334465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.4536142647266388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4409431517124176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.39023029804229736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3728572726249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.18381911516189575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17758816480636597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11049774289131165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08710575103759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08167195320129395}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779308522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843958","display_name":"Digitization","level":2,"score":0.8213150501251221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.7347212433815002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5972332954406738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186625053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130191","display_name":"Information overload","level":2,"score":0.5011413097381592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.48211050033569336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47806599736213684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.4632813334465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4536142647266388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4409431517124176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.39023029804229736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3728572726249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.18381911516189575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17758816480636597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11049774289131165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08710575103759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08167195320129395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10447310903498742","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447310903498742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165559636","display_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1044-7318","issn":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:186483","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/186483/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.usc.edu.au:usc:9379","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10447310903498742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196572","display_name":"USC Research Bank (University of the Sunshine Coast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I174025329","host_organization_name":"University of the Sunshine Coast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174025329"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:usc:9379","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401632","display_name":"USC Research Bank (University of the Sunshine Coast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I174025329","host_organization_name":"University of the Sunshine Coast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174025329"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130588855","https://openalex.org/W162533270","https://openalex.org/W614109004","https://openalex.org/W1484720744","https://openalex.org/W1489270765","https://openalex.org/W1518177266","https://openalex.org/W1528027857","https://openalex.org/W1543210409","https://openalex.org/W1553802931","https://openalex.org/W1575452093","https://openalex.org/W1902292770","https://openalex.org/W1977306523","https://openalex.org/W2008318777","https://openalex.org/W2010793828","https://openalex.org/W2075553452","https://openalex.org/W2094978118","https://openalex.org/W2103463156","https://openalex.org/W2110017066","https://openalex.org/W2119748171","https://openalex.org/W2152304674","https://openalex.org/W2169613734","https://openalex.org/W2332550897","https://openalex.org/W2589412698","https://openalex.org/W2952483035","https://openalex.org/W4250337847","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4301493934"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1539704186","https://openalex.org/W4254109238","https://openalex.org/W2399890175","https://openalex.org/W4308177873","https://openalex.org/W3202479762","https://openalex.org/W2480493049","https://openalex.org/W2592115649","https://openalex.org/W4322582183","https://openalex.org/W1937392525","https://openalex.org/W2347632764"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interface":[0],"problems":[1],"have":[2],"been":[3,124],"cited":[4],"as":[5],"critical":[6],"factor":[7],"in":[8,42,97,108],"the":[9,53,66,79,111,153],"suboptimal":[10],"performance":[11],"of":[12,44,52,110,115,138,156],"a":[13,87,135],"large-scale":[14],"digital":[15],"command":[16],"and":[17,28,40,48,64,92,140],"control":[18],"system.":[19,117],"A":[20],"live":[21],"field":[22],"study":[23],"involving":[24],"fully":[25],"functioning":[26],"Brigade":[27],"Battlegroup":[29],"headquarters":[30],"was":[31,56,81,131],"observed.":[32],"More":[33],"than":[34],"3,000":[35],"communications":[36,60],"events":[37],"were":[38,69,100],"extracted":[39],"analyzed":[41],"terms":[43,109],"their":[45],"quantity,":[46],"direction,":[47],"content.":[49],"The":[50,103,127,146],"effect":[51],"interface":[54,67,80],"problem":[55],"pronounced.":[57],"Voice":[58],"mediated":[59],"(conducted":[61],"by":[62,160],"radio":[63],"avoiding":[65],"entirely)":[68],"superior":[70],"at":[71],"converting":[72],"\u201cdata\u201d":[73],"into":[74],"\u201cinformation.\u201d":[75],"In":[76],"cases":[77],"where":[78],"relied":[82],"upon,":[83],"users":[84],"seized":[85],"on":[86],"highly":[88],"simplistic":[89],"comms.":[90],"facility":[91],"put":[93],"it":[94,161],"to":[95,133,164],"use":[96],"ways":[98],"that":[99],"not":[101],"anticipated.":[102],"findings":[104],"added":[105],"significant":[106],"value":[107],"phased,":[112],"real-world":[113],"delivery":[114],"this":[116],"Very":[118],"little":[119],"human":[120],"factors":[121],"analysis":[122],"had":[123],"performed":[125],"previously.":[126],"current":[128],"analysis,":[129],"therefore,":[130],"able":[132],"provide":[134],"considerable":[136],"amount":[137],"insight":[139],"justification":[141],"for":[142],"further":[143],"design":[144],"iterations.":[145],"take-away":[147],"message:":[148],"Neither":[149],"networked":[150],"technology":[151],"nor":[152],"large":[154],"quantities":[155],"raw":[157],"data":[158],"carried":[159],"are":[162],"sufficient":[163],"guarantee":[165],"successful":[166],"naturalistic":[167],"decision":[168],"making.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}