{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2072562206","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447310902864951","title":"Questionnaire Survey Nonresponse: A Comparison of Postal Mail and Internet Surveys","display_name":"Questionnaire Survey Nonresponse: A Comparison of Postal Mail and Internet Surveys","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2072562206","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447310902864951","mag":"2072562206"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10447310902864951","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447310902864951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165559636","display_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1044-7318","issn":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033626517","display_name":"Peter Hoonakker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6854-8780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter Hoonakker","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","University of Wisconsin, Madison"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin, Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007519510","display_name":"Pascale\ufeff\ufeff\ufeff\ufeff Carayon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4632-6930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pascale Carayon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","University of Wisconsin, Madison"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin, Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033626517"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":30.8607,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":177,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99538384,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"5","first_page":"348","last_page":"373"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11539","display_name":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11539","display_name":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12679","display_name":"Focus Groups and Qualitative Methods","score":0.9577000141143799,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13030","display_name":"Survey Sampling and Estimation Techniques","score":0.9225000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postal-service","display_name":"Postal service","score":0.7730423808097839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-response-bias","display_name":"Non-response bias","score":0.6953903436660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.6586180329322815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3037213385105133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.28299975395202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.17042383551597595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.16494211554527283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1055336594581604}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994533931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49845","display_name":"Postal service","level":2,"score":0.7730423808097839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134801348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140425","display_name":"Non-response bias","level":2,"score":0.6953903436660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.6586180329322815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3037213385105133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28299975395202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.17042383551597595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.16494211554527283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1055336594581604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10447310902864951","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447310902864951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165559636","display_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1044-7318","issn":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":93,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71637537","https://openalex.org/W637541783","https://openalex.org/W1491644571","https://openalex.org/W1507004422","https://openalex.org/W1533216549","https://openalex.org/W1546849301","https://openalex.org/W1553716367","https://openalex.org/W1602306419","https://openalex.org/W1654874180","https://openalex.org/W1748197048","https://openalex.org/W1784695092","https://openalex.org/W1846777945","https://openalex.org/W1904191975","https://openalex.org/W1954402484","https://openalex.org/W1964229077","https://openalex.org/W1964968513","https://openalex.org/W1966114254","https://openalex.org/W1969736152","https://openalex.org/W1971449201","https://openalex.org/W1972566979","https://openalex.org/W1975907863","https://openalex.org/W1976410419","https://openalex.org/W1978871724","https://openalex.org/W1981014116","https://openalex.org/W1986401037","https://openalex.org/W1990666378","https://openalex.org/W2006468167","https://openalex.org/W2011186362","https://openalex.org/W2012827549","https://openalex.org/W2014542527","https://openalex.org/W2021828976","https://openalex.org/W2022433217","https://openalex.org/W2032591439","https://openalex.org/W2035982357","https://openalex.org/W2036389121","https://openalex.org/W2037420909","https://openalex.org/W2037710531","https://openalex.org/W2051521862","https://openalex.org/W2053405732","https://openalex.org/W2060312376","https://openalex.org/W2063390718","https://openalex.org/W2065602829","https://openalex.org/W2072139531","https://openalex.org/W2076845350","https://openalex.org/W2080728150","https://openalex.org/W2082905407","https://openalex.org/W2084188419","https://openalex.org/W2087900468","https://openalex.org/W2088633726","https://openalex.org/W2091912473","https://openalex.org/W2093981945","https://openalex.org/W2094475537","https://openalex.org/W2099697766","https://openalex.org/W2101598151","https://openalex.org/W2103177132","https://openalex.org/W2109771723","https://openalex.org/W2117033119","https://openalex.org/W2125272611","https://openalex.org/W2130527146","https://openalex.org/W2133233588","https://openalex.org/W2135944616","https://openalex.org/W2137370257","https://openalex.org/W2139718483","https://openalex.org/W2143448073","https://openalex.org/W2146503333","https://openalex.org/W2154819625","https://openalex.org/W2155591630","https://openalex.org/W2157300266","https://openalex.org/W2159586936","https://openalex.org/W2159987121","https://openalex.org/W2230094283","https://openalex.org/W2240161100","https://openalex.org/W2288219708","https://openalex.org/W2296369292","https://openalex.org/W2324814459","https://openalex.org/W2326342926","https://openalex.org/W2327260510","https://openalex.org/W2329286935","https://openalex.org/W2335694045","https://openalex.org/W2500413669","https://openalex.org/W2572371720","https://openalex.org/W2598120835","https://openalex.org/W2921629193","https://openalex.org/W3027506207","https://openalex.org/W4214907476","https://openalex.org/W4234197726","https://openalex.org/W4245627996","https://openalex.org/W4254848309","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4298160728","https://openalex.org/W4300107936","https://openalex.org/W4300777400","https://openalex.org/W6771183908"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2338151233","https://openalex.org/W2905783264","https://openalex.org/W4205455981","https://openalex.org/W236578445","https://openalex.org/W3192736713","https://openalex.org/W4214917578","https://openalex.org/W3169681920","https://openalex.org/W1967752267","https://openalex.org/W2031395400","https://openalex.org/W4233772641"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rapid":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,30,46,53,65,138],"computer":[3],"technology,":[4],"and":[5,81,101,115],"more":[6,105],"specifically":[7],"the":[8,12,15,34,43,47,70,129],"Internet,":[9],"have":[10],"spurred":[11],"use":[13,33],"of":[14],"Internet":[16,35,66,71,120,139],"surveys":[17,56,140],"for":[18],"data":[19],"collection.":[20],"However,":[21],"there":[22],"are":[23,126],"some":[24],"concerns":[25],"about":[26],"low":[27],"response":[28,63,113,116,136],"rates":[29,52,64,114,137],"studies":[31,90],"that":[32,91,110,131],"as":[36],"a":[37,73],"medium.":[38],"The":[39],"question":[40],"is":[41,72,141],"whether":[42],"lessons":[44],"learned":[45],"past":[48],"decades":[49],"to":[50,61,123,134],"improve":[51],"postal":[54],"mail":[55,124],"can":[57,111,132],"also":[58],"be":[59],"applied":[60],"increase":[62,112,135],"surveys.":[67],"After":[68],"all,":[69],"completely":[74],"new":[75],"medium":[76],"with":[77,104],"its":[78,83],"own":[79,84],"\u201crules\u201d":[80],"even":[82],"(n)etiquette.":[85],"This":[86],"article":[87],"examines":[88],"29":[89],"directly":[92],"compared":[93,122],"different":[94],"survey":[95],"modes":[96],"(postal":[97],"mail,":[98],"fax,":[99],"e-mail,":[100],"Web-based":[102],"surveys)":[103],"than":[106],"15,000":[107],"respondents.":[108],"Factors":[109],"quality":[117],"when":[118],"using":[119],"surveys,":[121,125],"discussed.":[127],"Finally,":[128],"research":[130],"contribute":[133],"examined.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
