{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2034060235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10248079708903730","title":"A Computer-Based Methodology for Evaluating the Content of Variable Message Signage","display_name":"A Computer-Based Methodology for Evaluating the Content of Variable Message Signage","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2034060235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10248079708903730","mag":"2034060235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10248079708903730","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10248079708903730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136111043","display_name":"ITS Journal - Intelligent Transportation Systems Journal","issn_l":"1024-8072","issn":["1024-8072","1027-751X","1563-5082"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ITS Journal - Intelligent Transportation Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035491953","display_name":"Douglas Wagner","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"DOUGLAS WAGNER","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Transportation Systems Institute , University of Minnesota ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Transportation Systems Institute , University of Minnesota ,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007918405","display_name":"Max Vercruyssen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117965899","display_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa","ror":"https://ror.org/01wspgy28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331384533","display_name":"University of Hawaii System","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzaeb71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331384533"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MAX VERCRUYSSEN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Research Associate, Intelligent Transportation Systems Institute , University of Minnesota and Associate Professor, Dept. of Medicine, the University of Hawaii School of Medicine , Honolulu, Hl"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Research Associate, Intelligent Transportation Systems Institute , University of Minnesota and Associate Professor, Dept. of Medicine, the University of Hawaii School of Medicine , Honolulu, Hl","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117965899","https://openalex.org/I1331384533"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068566330","display_name":"Peter Hancock","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"PETER HANCOCK","raw_affiliation_strings":["Associate Professor, Dept. of Kinesiology & Director of the Human Factors Research Laboratory , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Associate Professor, Dept. of Kinesiology & Director of the Human Factors Research Laboratory , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17979316,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"353","last_page":"373"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14056","display_name":"Safety Warnings and Signage","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signage","display_name":"Signage","score":0.9160909652709961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.657326877117157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5995208621025085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.5040968656539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signage","display_name":"Digital signage","score":0.5016508102416992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign","display_name":"Traffic sign","score":0.4884749948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/headway","display_name":"Headway","score":0.48790428042411804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-flow","display_name":"Traffic flow (computer networking)","score":0.4872819185256958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.47579464316368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.47510847449302673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4235837757587433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3450402021408081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.3299468755722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.3184810280799866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3113252520561218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3028884530067444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.28437352180480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2590136229991913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advertising","display_name":"Advertising","score":0.09909829497337341}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114938261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1211272","display_name":"Signage","level":2,"score":0.9160909652709961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.657326877117157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5995208621025085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.5040968656539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777766583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756568","display_name":"Digital signage","level":2,"score":0.5016508102416992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983860417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170285","display_name":"Traffic sign","level":3,"score":0.4884749948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779240695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4383682","display_name":"Headway","level":2,"score":0.48790428042411804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207512268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3074551","display_name":"Traffic flow (computer networking)","level":2,"score":0.4872819185256958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47579464316368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.47510847449302673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4235837757587433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3450402021408081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.3299468755722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3184810280799866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3113252520561218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3028884530067444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.28437352180480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2590136229991913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.09909829497337341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10248079708903730","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10248079708903730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136111043","display_name":"ITS Journal - Intelligent Transportation Systems Journal","issn_l":"1024-8072","issn":["1024-8072","1027-751X","1563-5082"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ITS Journal - Intelligent Transportation Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W181590475","https://openalex.org/W327541570","https://openalex.org/W575981477","https://openalex.org/W615355898","https://openalex.org/W656063956","https://openalex.org/W659585853","https://openalex.org/W1554989989","https://openalex.org/W1558746340","https://openalex.org/W1787295064","https://openalex.org/W1955481114","https://openalex.org/W2067961171","https://openalex.org/W2089740875","https://openalex.org/W2102251992","https://openalex.org/W2142864966","https://openalex.org/W2243447426","https://openalex.org/W2248910952","https://openalex.org/W2572967130","https://openalex.org/W2576988282","https://openalex.org/W6616495860","https://openalex.org/W6633563944","https://openalex.org/W6732645948"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2044016679","https://openalex.org/W1978948568","https://openalex.org/W2092366055","https://openalex.org/W2072970982","https://openalex.org/W794866403","https://openalex.org/W752787742","https://openalex.org/W2059685403","https://openalex.org/W1977109083","https://openalex.org/W55283196","https://openalex.org/W332015636","https://openalex.org/W588240876","https://openalex.org/W2188425947","https://openalex.org/W821857416","https://openalex.org/W2094666391","https://openalex.org/W331874675","https://openalex.org/W2031240209","https://openalex.org/W771452385","https://openalex.org/W2339678415","https://openalex.org/W651673998","https://openalex.org/W301835109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Successful":[0],"communication":[1],"of":[2,30,46,73,92,102,131,134,151,178,236,275,287,292,295,322,326,334,337],"traffic":[3,18],"information":[4,33,63,297],"to":[5,42,67,88,98,112,137,213,246,271,306,343,347],"motorists.":[6],"via":[7],"intelligent":[8],"transportation":[9],"systems":[10],"(ITS)":[11],"is":[12,40,51],"critical":[13],"for":[14,194,315],"improved":[15],"safety":[16],"and":[17,60,97,109,118,169,174,190,221,259,262,290],"flow":[19],"in":[20,94,196,217,278,341],"high":[21],"risk":[22],"areas":[23],"such":[24],"as":[25],"work":[26,95,139],"zones.":[27],"The":[28,44,208,227,265],"conveyance":[29],"pertinent,":[31],"real-time":[32],"through":[34],"variable":[35],"message":[36,90,103,116,153,188,234,273,348],"signs":[37,114],"(VMS)":[38],"technology":[39],"integral":[41],"ITS.":[43],"content":[45,91,235,274,289,349],"messages":[47],"presented":[48],"on":[49,115],"VMS":[50,93,144,237],"especially":[52,277],"important":[53],"given":[54],"that":[55,142,238],"drivers":[56],"must":[57],"detect,":[58],"comprehend,":[59],"translate":[61],"signage":[62],"while":[64],"being":[65],"occupied":[66],"some":[68],"degree":[69],"with":[70,165,171,351],"the":[71,100,113,146,218,233,255,293,296,319,335,338],"task":[72,210,230],"driving":[74,356],"their":[75],"vehicle.":[76],"A":[77],"simulation":[78,130,357],"experiment":[79],"was":[80,231],"conducted,":[81],"using":[82],"a":[83,128,132,138,191,197,214,243,313,352],"prototype":[84],"dual-task":[85],"methodology":[86],"developed":[87],"examine":[89],"zones":[96],"assess":[99],"effect":[101],"type,":[104,106],"display":[105,160,300],"sign":[107,260,288],"content,":[108],"repeated":[110,205],"exposure":[111],"comprehension":[117,261,286],"translation.":[119],"Twenty":[120],"participants":[121],"(mean":[122],"age":[123],"=":[124],"25":[125],"yrs)":[126],"viewed":[127],"computer":[129,339],"section":[133],"road":[135,147],"leading":[136],"zone":[140],"site":[141],"had":[143,225],"along":[145],"side.":[148],"Signs":[149],"were":[150,239],"two":[152,186],"types":[154,161],"(speed":[155],"vs.":[156],"time":[157,307],"signs),":[158],"three":[159,179],"(two":[162],"inexpensive;":[163],"one":[164,170,175],"full":[166],"text":[167],"wrap-around":[168],"partial":[172],"wrap-around;":[173],"expensive":[176],"matrix":[177],"lines":[180],"by":[181],"eight":[182],"characters":[183],"flashed":[184],"twice),":[185],"similar":[187],"versions.":[189],"complete":[192],"repeat":[193],"reliability":[195],"2":[198,202,204],"x":[199,201,203],"3":[200],"measures":[206],"design.":[207],"primary":[209],"required":[211],"attending":[212],"grid":[215,256],"line":[216,257],"rearview":[219],"mirror":[220],"remembering":[222],"which":[223],"signal":[224,258],"appeared.":[226],"concurrent,":[228],"secondary":[229],"reading":[232],"optically":[240],"expanding":[241],"at":[242,248],"rate":[244],"comparable":[245],"traveling":[247],"111":[249],"kilometers/hour":[250],"(70":[251],"mph).":[252],"Questions":[253],"regarding":[254],"interpretation":[263],"followed.":[264],"results":[266],"support":[267],"this":[268],"methodology's":[269],"capacity":[270],"evaluate":[272],"VMS,":[276],"an":[279],"ITS":[280],"context.":[281],"Message":[282],"type":[283,301],"significantly":[284],"affected":[285],"translation":[291],"consequences":[294],"conveyed,":[298],"but":[299],"did":[302],"not":[303],"influence":[304],"responses":[305,346],"or":[308],"speed":[309],"signs.":[310],"This":[311],"suggests":[312],"potential":[314],"substantial":[316],"savings":[317],"from":[318],"increased":[320],"use":[321],"inexpensive":[323],"displays":[324],"instead":[325],"full-matrix":[327],"units.":[328],"Future":[329],"research":[330],"should":[331],"involve":[332],"assessment":[333],"validity":[336],"simulation,":[340],"addition":[342],"testing":[344],"behavioral":[345],"either":[350],"follow-up":[353],"on-road":[354],"and/or":[355],"study.":[358]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
