{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409983881","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2025.2496393","title":"The interannual variations of installed capacity for offshore wind turbines in China: estimations derived solely from remote sensing","display_name":"The interannual variations of installed capacity for offshore wind turbines in China: estimations derived solely from remote sensing","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409983881","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2025.2496393"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10095020.2025.2496393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2025.2496393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36798160","display_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science","issn_l":"1009-5020","issn":["1009-5020","1993-5153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2025.2496393","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102626746","display_name":"Qiannan Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9362-1813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiannan Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9362-1813","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064668708","display_name":"Chunpeng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7649-2178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chunpeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University","The Hong Kong Polytechnic University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7649-2178","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059640819","display_name":"Bo Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1323-7878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1323-7878","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wenxiang Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4160-1721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenxiang Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4160-1721","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5317-3075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5317-3075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xue Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2452-0403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2452-0403","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074626177","display_name":"Qing Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8716-8207","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064668708"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506","https://openalex.org/I66867065"],"apc_list":{"value":1625,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1993},"apc_paid":{"value":1625,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1993},"fwci":10.0877,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97198502,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"1","first_page":"232","last_page":"250"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10680","display_name":"Wind Energy Research and Development","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10680","display_name":"Wind Energy Research and Development","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offshore-wind-power","display_name":"Offshore wind power","score":0.875186562538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/submarine-pipeline","display_name":"Submarine pipeline","score":0.6941981911659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.6373345851898193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5896545052528381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-power","display_name":"Wind power","score":0.5128269791603088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-engineering","display_name":"Marine engineering","score":0.5027046203613281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4379805326461792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4040793180465698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2095540165901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.1902962028980255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1670997142791748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1623365879058838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.06974509358406067}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8735168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61637704","display_name":"Offshore wind power","level":3,"score":0.875186562538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162284963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17106102","display_name":"Submarine pipeline","level":2,"score":0.6941981911659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.6373345851898193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5896545052528381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.5128269791603088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.5027046203613281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4379805326461792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4040793180465698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2095540165901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.1902962028980255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1670997142791748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1623365879058838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.06974509358406067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10095020.2025.2496393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2025.2496393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36798160","display_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science","issn_l":"1009-5020","issn":["1009-5020","1993-5153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:758b2c0f8b4b4923921f23959a63da90","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/758b2c0f8b4b4923921f23959a63da90","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science, Vol 29, Iss 1, Pp 232-250 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/115174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/115174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10095020.2025.2496393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2025.2496393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36798160","display_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science","issn_l":"1009-5020","issn":["1009-5020","1993-5153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1584144728","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1977614753","https://openalex.org/W2085665642","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2099524593","https://openalex.org/W2142212280","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2206518814","https://openalex.org/W2480332950","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2593852290","https://openalex.org/W2804384724","https://openalex.org/W2883001099","https://openalex.org/W2901616874","https://openalex.org/W2914812315","https://openalex.org/W2924941171","https://openalex.org/W2943295486","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2969360739","https://openalex.org/W2971235173","https://openalex.org/W2987705220","https://openalex.org/W2997609781","https://openalex.org/W2999509863","https://openalex.org/W3023149825","https://openalex.org/W3040752473","https://openalex.org/W3045577659","https://openalex.org/W3046786181","https://openalex.org/W3093136453","https://openalex.org/W3097663142","https://openalex.org/W3118950270","https://openalex.org/W3179323839","https://openalex.org/W3186122083","https://openalex.org/W3186593622","https://openalex.org/W3194349994","https://openalex.org/W3206058591","https://openalex.org/W3207157725","https://openalex.org/W3211213470","https://openalex.org/W3212929509","https://openalex.org/W3213695639","https://openalex.org/W4206514296","https://openalex.org/W4210711830","https://openalex.org/W4224243332","https://openalex.org/W4229049008","https://openalex.org/W4283776488","https://openalex.org/W4289752563","https://openalex.org/W4289857112","https://openalex.org/W4292691823","https://openalex.org/W4293242786","https://openalex.org/W4296365400","https://openalex.org/W4313555040","https://openalex.org/W4323037472","https://openalex.org/W4324100563","https://openalex.org/W4376105472","https://openalex.org/W4387239023","https://openalex.org/W4389100877","https://openalex.org/W4389823436","https://openalex.org/W4390201937","https://openalex.org/W4392004213","https://openalex.org/W4392172825","https://openalex.org/W4392574360","https://openalex.org/W4393055603","https://openalex.org/W4393371715","https://openalex.org/W4396555440","https://openalex.org/W4397044362","https://openalex.org/W4408029690","https://openalex.org/W4408150259"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4399194038","https://openalex.org/W2340591813","https://openalex.org/W4360902749","https://openalex.org/W962960785","https://openalex.org/W2888883444","https://openalex.org/W2347282218","https://openalex.org/W4389634106","https://openalex.org/W3093855182","https://openalex.org/W2380549563","https://openalex.org/W2375856123"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurately":[0],"and":[1,12,24,38,106,221],"thoroughly":[2],"determining":[3],"the":[4,59,67,93,98,102,109,112,122,132,138,144,148,159,165,182,195,199,222,240,256,290],"installed":[5,61,68,133,167,247,282],"capacity":[6,69,113,134,142,168,211,224,248],"of":[7,70,135,161,169,225,242,255,259,270,280,292],"offshore":[8,13,21],"wind":[9,14,22],"turbines":[10],"(OWTs)":[11],"farms":[15],"(OWFs)":[16],"is":[17,154],"crucial":[18],"for":[19,46,253,277,289],"evaluating":[20],"energy":[23],"guiding":[25],"future":[26,297],"development.":[27],"However,":[28],"existing":[29,200],"statistical":[30],"data":[31,41,196],"only":[32],"provide":[33],"aggregated":[34],"information":[35],"on":[36],"capacity,":[37,62],"detailed":[39],"attribute":[40],"are":[42],"not":[43],"publicly":[44],"available":[45],"free.":[47],"Here,":[48],"we":[49],"present":[50],"a":[51,115,265,275],"novel":[52],"pure":[53,123],"remote":[54,124,190],"sensing":[55,125],"method":[56,126],"to":[57,65,76,84,97,111,163,178,218,233,295],"estimate":[58,66],"OWT":[60,141,281],"successfully":[63],"applied":[64],"OWTs":[71,170],"in":[72,130,171,198,231,236,261],"China":[73],"from":[74,88,175,215,228],"2015":[75,162,232],"2022.":[77],"This":[78,272],"approach":[79],"first":[80],"used":[81,288],"deep":[82],"learning":[83],"identify":[85],"turbine":[86,213],"shadows":[87,99],"Sentinel-2":[89],"images,":[90],"then":[91],"estimated":[92],"hub":[94],"height":[95,110],"corresponding":[96],"by":[100],"combining":[101],"solar":[103],"elevation":[104],"angle,":[105],"finally":[107],"related":[108],"through":[114],"polynomial":[116],"model.":[117],"The":[118,209],"results":[119],"demonstrate":[120],"that":[121],"exhibits":[127],"excellent":[128],"performance":[129],"estimating":[131],"OWTs.":[136],"Comparing":[137],"generated":[139],"single":[140],"with":[143,181,245],"officially":[145],"published":[146],"results,":[147],"root":[149],"mean":[150],"square":[151],"error":[152],"(RMSE)":[153],"0.27":[155],"MW":[156,217,230,235,251],"(5.06%).":[157],"From":[158],"end":[160,241],"2022,":[164,243],"total":[166,257],"China\u2019s":[172,262],"mainland":[173],"increased":[174,214,227],"1.06":[176],"GW":[177],"30.18":[179],"GW,":[180],"highest":[183],"annual":[184],"growth":[185],"rate":[186],"reaching":[187],"149.92%.":[188],"These":[189],"sensing-based":[191],"estimates":[192],"closely":[193],"match":[194],"documented":[197],"reports":[201],"(R2":[202],"=":[203,206],"0.99,":[204],"RMSE":[205],"0.62":[207],"GW).":[208],"average":[210],"per":[212],"4":[216],"4.84":[219],"MW,":[220],"maximum":[223],"OWFs":[226,244,260,294],"632.89":[229],"1305.04":[234],"2022":[237],"(geographically).":[238],"By":[239],"an":[246],"exceeding":[249],"100":[250],"accounted":[252],"90.83%":[254],"number":[258],"mainland,":[263],"indicating":[264],"trend":[266],"toward":[267],"larger-scale":[268],"development":[269],"OWFs.":[271],"study":[273],"provides":[274],"reference":[276],"large-scale":[278],"assessments":[279],"capacity.":[283],"Additionally,":[284],"it":[285],"can":[286],"be":[287],"construction":[291],"high-capacity":[293],"design":[296],"installations.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-15T08:34:33.830935","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}