{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408302102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2025.2459133","title":"Hybridizing spatial machine learning to explore the fine-scale heterogeneity between stunting prevalence and its associated risk determinants in Rwanda","display_name":"Hybridizing spatial machine learning to explore the fine-scale heterogeneity between stunting prevalence and its associated risk determinants in Rwanda","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408302102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2025.2459133"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10095020.2025.2459133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2025.2459133","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10095020.2025.2459133?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36798160","display_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science","issn_l":"1009-5020","issn":["1009-5020","1993-5153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10095020.2025.2459133?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078072608","display_name":"Gilbert Nduwayezu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5505-1276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gilbert Nduwayezu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lund University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5505-1276","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lund University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039105124","display_name":"Ali Mansourian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6812-4307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Mansourian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lund University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6812-4307","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lund University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007369694","display_name":"Jean Pierre Bizimana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9098-416X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087849","display_name":"University of Rwanda","ror":"https://ror.org/00286hs46","country_code":"RW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087849"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean Pierre Bizimana","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9098-416X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087849"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070569005","display_name":"Petter Pilesj\u00f6","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7963-4548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petter Pilesj\u00f6","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lund University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7963-4548","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lund University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039105124"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"],"apc_list":{"value":1625,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1993},"apc_paid":{"value":1625,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1993},"fwci":3.1732,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90120296,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"6","first_page":"2947","last_page":"2967"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11610","display_name":"Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations","score":0.9297999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11634","display_name":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","score":0.9122999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5680149793624878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-health","display_name":"Environmental health","score":0.46437278389930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-ecology","display_name":"Spatial ecology","score":0.45892149209976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.43180203437805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.33539634943008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.23921358585357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.1657925546169281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.09082970023155212}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5680149793624878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.46437278389930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158709400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586","display_name":"Spatial ecology","level":2,"score":0.45892149209976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.43180203437805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.33539634943008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.23921358585357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1657925546169281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.09082970023155212}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10095020.2025.2459133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2025.2459133","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10095020.2025.2459133?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36798160","display_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science","issn_l":"1009-5020","issn":["1009-5020","1993-5153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.28573901","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal contribution"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5069e554862947ce82e9b02ac2ec998e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5069e554862947ce82e9b02ac2ec998e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science, Vol 28, Iss 6, Pp 2947-2967 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lup.lub.lu.se:ad5fa9d9-34e4-4c91-8e40-25c7f87d42ee","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/ad5fa9d9-34e4-4c91-8e40-25c7f87d42ee","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400536","display_name":"Lund University Publications (Lund University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","host_organization_name":"Lund University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 1009-5020","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10095020.2025.2459133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2025.2459133","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10095020.2025.2459133?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36798160","display_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science","issn_l":"1009-5020","issn":["1009-5020","1993-5153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1924064069","https://openalex.org/W1972620887","https://openalex.org/W1973749534","https://openalex.org/W2047120335","https://openalex.org/W2048283579","https://openalex.org/W2057085408","https://openalex.org/W2066089156","https://openalex.org/W2078953389","https://openalex.org/W2148323323","https://openalex.org/W2186872121","https://openalex.org/W2472652876","https://openalex.org/W2506946032","https://openalex.org/W2610532739","https://openalex.org/W2621167556","https://openalex.org/W2747207142","https://openalex.org/W2765469686","https://openalex.org/W2769945036","https://openalex.org/W2788260970","https://openalex.org/W2791320401","https://openalex.org/W2794205519","https://openalex.org/W2804099050","https://openalex.org/W2890466827","https://openalex.org/W2903729001","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2918254926","https://openalex.org/W2930389570","https://openalex.org/W2954944474","https://openalex.org/W2971797472","https://openalex.org/W2987094465","https://openalex.org/W2997998108","https://openalex.org/W3005470619","https://openalex.org/W3007900591","https://openalex.org/W3020897668","https://openalex.org/W3087374370","https://openalex.org/W3089584927","https://openalex.org/W3090796405","https://openalex.org/W3094741355","https://openalex.org/W3102478313","https://openalex.org/W3107396345","https://openalex.org/W3108707546","https://openalex.org/W3112529795","https://openalex.org/W3136164205","https://openalex.org/W3202431784","https://openalex.org/W3206918078","https://openalex.org/W3208419818","https://openalex.org/W3213251908","https://openalex.org/W4200109894","https://openalex.org/W4200596050","https://openalex.org/W4206936038","https://openalex.org/W4207038340","https://openalex.org/W4210246397","https://openalex.org/W4210622816","https://openalex.org/W4210934646","https://openalex.org/W4220785391","https://openalex.org/W4249073844","https://openalex.org/W4290759222","https://openalex.org/W4294325987","https://openalex.org/W4308581319","https://openalex.org/W4308700965","https://openalex.org/W4309845737","https://openalex.org/W4315767673","https://openalex.org/W4317936531","https://openalex.org/W4318068384","https://openalex.org/W4318756926","https://openalex.org/W4324145804","https://openalex.org/W4361270105","https://openalex.org/W4362514009","https://openalex.org/W4378214087","https://openalex.org/W4385418022","https://openalex.org/W4385740148","https://openalex.org/W4386767636","https://openalex.org/W4387247571","https://openalex.org/W4389617366","https://openalex.org/W4390615302"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3031052312","https://openalex.org/W4389568370","https://openalex.org/W3032375762","https://openalex.org/W1995515455","https://openalex.org/W2080531066","https://openalex.org/W3108674512","https://openalex.org/W2059888625","https://openalex.org/W2166260127"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Childhood":[0],"stunting":[1,23,43,63,78,125,138,152,187,197,210,250,265,278],"is":[2,28,279],"a":[3,181,193,261],"serious":[4],"global":[5,104,175],"public":[6],"health":[7],"issue":[8],"that":[9],"exhibits":[10],"local":[11,119],"spatial":[12,36,57],"variations.":[13],"Previous":[14],"studies":[15],"have":[16],"used":[17],"traditional":[18],"statistical":[19],"methods":[20],"to":[21,117,155,233],"identify":[22,118],"risk":[24,44,130,199,208,248],"factors,":[25],"and":[26,33,92,107,127,146,200,236,244,286],"little":[27],"known":[29],"about":[30],"the":[31,53,67,88,122,144,156,160,165,168,174,206,212,223,247],"application":[32],"usefulness":[34],"of":[35,55,69,167,209,214,225,249,264,270],"machine":[37,58,115],"learning":[38,59,116],"techniques":[39,60],"in":[40,61,71,121,137,159,179],"identifying":[41],"localized":[42],"factors":[45],"based":[46],"on":[47,277],"complex":[48],"datasets.":[49],"This":[50],"study":[51],"assesses":[52],"performance":[54],"hybrid":[56,108,169],"predicting":[62],"among":[64],"children":[65],"below":[66],"age":[68],"five":[70],"Rwanda.":[72],"We":[73],"cross-sectionally":[74],"examined":[75],"Bayesian-modeled":[76],"surface":[77],"prevalence":[79,126,139,153,198,251,263],"data":[80],"linked":[81],"with":[82,113,143],"their":[83],"related":[84,129],"covariates":[85],"obtained":[86],"from":[87],"2019\u20132020":[89],"Rwanda":[90],"Demographic":[91],"Health":[93],"Survey.":[94],"Using":[95],"these":[96],"datasets,":[97],"we":[98,204],"implemented":[99],"geographical":[100],"weighted":[101],"summary":[102],"statistics,":[103],"random":[105,109,170,176],"forest,":[106],"forest":[110,171,177],"model":[111,172,178],"complimented":[112],"interpretable":[114],"disparities":[120],"association":[123],"between":[124,196],"its":[128,201,254],"factors.":[131],"The":[132],"results":[133],"revealed":[134],"significant":[135],"variation":[136],"within":[140],"different":[141],"areas,":[142],"Western":[145],"Northern":[147],"Province":[148],"regions":[149],"exhibiting":[150],"higher":[151],"compared":[154],"other":[157],"provinces":[158],"country.":[161],"Our":[162],"findings":[163,191,259],"demonstrate":[164],"superiority":[166],"over":[173],"achieving":[180],"more":[182],"accurate":[183],"fit":[184],"when":[185,211,222,266],"explaining":[186],"prevalence.":[188],"Additionally,":[189],"our":[190,258],"reveal":[192],"non-linear":[194],"relationship":[195],"predictors.":[202],"Specifically,":[203],"observed":[205],"highest":[207],"percentage":[213],"households":[215,271],"without":[216],"toilet":[217],"facility":[218],"reached":[219,239],"2%.":[220],"However,":[221],"proportion":[224],"antenatal":[226],"visits,":[227],"men\u2019s":[228],"education,":[229],"women\u2019s":[230],"literacy,":[231],"access":[232],"clean":[234],"water,":[235],"delivery":[237],"place":[238],"50%,":[240],"85%,":[241],"80%,":[242],"70%,":[243],"95%,":[245],"respectively,":[246],"was":[252],"at":[253],"lowest":[255],"point.":[256],"Furthermore,":[257],"indicate":[260],"lower":[262],"less":[267],"than":[268],"20%":[269],"use":[272],"insecticide-treated":[273],"nets.":[274],"Localized":[275],"information":[276],"highly":[280],"valued":[281],"by":[282],"stakeholders":[283],"for":[284],"measuring":[285],"monitoring":[287],"progress":[288],"toward":[289],"sustainable":[290],"development":[291],"goals.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-14T06:11:07.267592","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}