{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392598827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2024.2311861","title":"Classification of single tree decay stages from combined airborne LiDAR data and CIR imagery","display_name":"Classification of single tree decay stages from combined airborne LiDAR data and CIR imagery","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392598827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2024.2311861"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10095020.2024.2311861","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2024.2311861","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10095020.2024.2311861?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36798160","display_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science","issn_l":"1009-5020","issn":["1009-5020","1993-5153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10095020.2024.2311861?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tsz-Chung Wong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsz-Chung Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046716441","display_name":"Abubakar Sani-Mohammed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3667-4624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abubakar Sani-Mohammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3667-4624","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038729415","display_name":"J. Y. Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6314-0906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinhong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6314-0906","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078951034","display_name":"Puzuo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0971-4013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Puzuo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0971-4013","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100647649","display_name":"Wei Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7704-0615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182722699","display_name":"Shenzhen Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00d2w9g53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182722699"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7704-0615","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506","https://openalex.org/I182722699"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006620203","display_name":"Marco Heurich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0051-2930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800389101","display_name":"Bavarian Forest National Park","ror":"https://ror.org/05b2t8s27","country_code":"DE","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800389101"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116649","display_name":"University of Inland Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/02dx4dc92","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116649"]}],"countries":["DE","NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Heurich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for National Park Monitoring and Animal Management, Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald, Grafenau, Germany","Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway","Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0051-2930","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for National Park Monitoring and Animal Management, Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald, Grafenau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800389101"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116649"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038729415","https://openalex.org/A5100647649"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506","https://openalex.org/I182722699"],"apc_list":{"value":1625,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1993},"apc_paid":{"value":1625,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1993},"fwci":0.8148,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63727895,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"6","first_page":"2076","last_page":"2091"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12713","display_name":"Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.652840793132782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6134240627288818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4398967921733856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3590221405029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.34727421402931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3424798250198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33777499198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18227210640907288}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.652840793132782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6134240627288818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4398967921733856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3590221405029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.34727421402931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3424798250198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33777499198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18227210640907288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10095020.2024.2311861","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2024.2311861","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10095020.2024.2311861?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36798160","display_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science","issn_l":"1009-5020","issn":["1009-5020","1993-5153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e96d0cda7494400889eca613723914ed","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e96d0cda7494400889eca613723914ed","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science, Vol 27, Iss 6, Pp 2076-2091 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/110467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/110467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10095020.2024.2311861","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2024.2311861","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10095020.2024.2311861?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36798160","display_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science","issn_l":"1009-5020","issn":["1009-5020","1993-5153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geo-spatial Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G825937962","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42171361","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392598827.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W75134264","https://openalex.org/W234454337","https://openalex.org/W804704732","https://openalex.org/W1620412164","https://openalex.org/W1895692764","https://openalex.org/W1902238321","https://openalex.org/W1978244823","https://openalex.org/W1990667982","https://openalex.org/W2016173524","https://openalex.org/W2024935444","https://openalex.org/W2032413422","https://openalex.org/W2039611234","https://openalex.org/W2042816761","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2053414672","https://openalex.org/W2069267285","https://openalex.org/W2082217331","https://openalex.org/W2111308925","https://openalex.org/W2135198734","https://openalex.org/W2143010534","https://openalex.org/W2159498975","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2165148193","https://openalex.org/W2209775068","https://openalex.org/W2223440733","https://openalex.org/W2322716129","https://openalex.org/W2344454880","https://openalex.org/W2495260571","https://openalex.org/W2560901046","https://openalex.org/W2728764633","https://openalex.org/W2765587043","https://openalex.org/W2888218114","https://openalex.org/W2889130004","https://openalex.org/W2896369314","https://openalex.org/W2903981420","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2970153071","https://openalex.org/W2972020684","https://openalex.org/W2987303464","https://openalex.org/W2990613095","https://openalex.org/W3007170129","https://openalex.org/W3035168431","https://openalex.org/W3047099884","https://openalex.org/W3048880089","https://openalex.org/W3128323654","https://openalex.org/W3181714331","https://openalex.org/W3186385928","https://openalex.org/W3189995673","https://openalex.org/W3196689654","https://openalex.org/W3199771651","https://openalex.org/W4200510042","https://openalex.org/W4242088379","https://openalex.org/W4251708881","https://openalex.org/W4297952397","https://openalex.org/W4307888114","https://openalex.org/W4309337720"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W2351984678","https://openalex.org/W2140032575","https://openalex.org/W2011860471","https://openalex.org/W2012196540","https://openalex.org/W3011451421"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"forest":[1,14,19,75,302],"health":[2,20],"is":[3,45,83,172,188],"of":[4,10,13,18,28,42,46,54,80,217,241,254,261,273],"great":[5],"importance":[6],"for":[7,24,96,224,264,298],"the":[8,11,25,38,78,97,160,176,186,191,204,248,259,274],"conservation":[9,27],"integrity":[12],"ecosystems.":[15,303],"The":[16,230,252,287],"monitoring":[17,299],"is,":[21],"therefore,":[22,257],"indispensable":[23],"long-term":[26],"forests":[29],"and":[30,40,69,116,126,147,164,198,222,227,239,270,278,295],"their":[31],"sustainable":[32,70],"management.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35],"regard,":[36],"evaluating":[37],"amount":[39,277],"quality":[41,279],"dead":[43,91,275],"wood":[44,92,276],"utmost":[47],"interest":[48],"as":[49,292],"they":[50],"are":[51,156,178],"favorable":[52],"indicators":[53],"biodiversity.":[55],"Apparently,":[56],"remote":[57,284],"sensing-based":[58],"Machine":[59],"Learning":[60],"(ML)":[61],"techniques":[62,82],"have":[63,244],"proven":[64],"to":[65,90,219],"be":[66],"more":[67],"efficient":[68],"with":[71,88],"unprecedented":[72],"accuracy":[73,215],"in":[74,85,301],"inventory.":[76],"However,":[77],"application":[79],"these":[81],"still":[84],"its":[86],"infancy":[87],"respect":[89],"mapping.":[93],"This":[94],"study,":[95],"first":[98],"time,":[99],"automatically":[100],"categorizing":[101],"individual":[102,169,265],"coniferous":[103],"trees":[104],"(Norway":[105],"spruce)":[106],"into":[107],"five":[108],"decay":[109,267],"stages":[110,268],"(live,":[111],"declining,":[112],"dead,":[113],"loose":[114],"bark,":[115],"clean)":[117],"from":[118],"combined":[119],"Airborne":[120],"Laser":[121],"Scanning":[122],"(ALS)":[123],"point":[124,138,154,162,196,242],"clouds":[125,155,163,197,243],"color":[127,165,235],"infrared":[128,166],"(CIR)":[129],"images":[130],"using":[131,281],"three":[132,205],"different":[133],"ML":[134,206],"methods":[135],"\u2212":[136],"3D":[137,237],"cloud-based":[139],"deep":[140],"learning":[141,263],"(KPConv),":[142],"Convolutional":[143],"Neural":[144],"Network":[145],"(CNN),":[146],"Random":[148],"Forest":[149],"(RF).":[150],"First,":[151],"CIR":[152],"colorized":[153],"created":[157],"by":[158,280],"fusing":[159],"ALS":[161],"images.":[167],"Then,":[168],"tree":[170,266],"segmentation":[171],"conducted,":[173],"after":[174],"which":[175],"results":[177,232],"further":[179],"projected":[180,200],"onto":[181],"four":[182],"orthogonal":[183],"planes.":[184],"Finally,":[185],"classification":[187,250,269],"conducted":[189],"on":[190,203,247],"two":[192],"datasets":[193],"(3D":[194],"multispectral":[195],"2D":[199],"images)":[201],"based":[202],"algorithms.":[207],"All":[208],"models":[209],"achieved":[210],"promising":[211,249],"results,":[212],"reaching":[213],"overall":[214],"(OA)":[216],"up":[218],"88.8%,":[220],"88.4%":[221],"85.9%":[223],"KPConv,":[225],"CNN":[226],"RF,":[228],"respectively.":[229],"experimental":[231],"reveal":[233],"that":[234],"information,":[236],"coordinates,":[238],"intensity":[240],"significant":[245],"impact":[246],"performance.":[251],"performance":[253],"our":[255],"models,":[256],"shows":[258],"significance":[260],"machine/deep":[262],"landscape-wide":[271],"assessment":[272],"modern":[282],"airborne":[283],"sensing":[285],"techniques.":[286],"proposed":[288],"method":[289],"can":[290],"contribute":[291],"an":[293],"important":[294],"reliable":[296],"tool":[297],"biodiversity":[300]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}