{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2078695421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/095400998116549","title":"Are Feedforward and Recurrent Networks Systematic? Analysis and Implications for a Connectionist Cognitive Architecture","display_name":"Are Feedforward and Recurrent Networks Systematic? Analysis and Implications for a Connectionist Cognitive Architecture","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2078695421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/095400998116549","mag":"2078695421"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/095400998116549","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/095400998116549","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/095400998116549?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188800","display_name":"Connection Science","issn_l":"0954-0091","issn":["0954-0091","1360-0494"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Connection Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/095400998116549?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081838760","display_name":"Steven Phillips","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-0670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131479","display_name":"Electrotechnical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03f5avr03","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131479"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Steven Phillips","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Science Division , Electrotechnical Laboratory , 1-1-4"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Science Division , Electrotechnical Laboratory , 1-1-4","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081838760"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131479"],"apc_list":{"value":1270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1270},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1338,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8975143,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"137","last_page":"160"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12805","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Mapping","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12805","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Mapping","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9641000032424927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14394","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Education Research","score":0.9585999846458435,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connectionism","display_name":"Connectionism","score":0.9638608694076538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.7011552453041077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6930586099624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feed-forward","display_name":"Feed forward","score":0.6230478882789612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-architecture","display_name":"Cognitive architecture","score":0.6114612817764282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6006777286529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.5794535875320435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.533548891544342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4127030670642853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3410630226135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.30137085914611816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11792504787445068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.0809510350227356}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8521452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203790","display_name":"Connectionism","level":3,"score":0.9638608694076538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.7011552453041077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6930586099624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38858127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441228","display_name":"Feed forward","level":2,"score":0.6230478882789612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20854674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4386060","display_name":"Cognitive architecture","level":3,"score":0.6114612817764282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6006777286529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.5794535875320435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.533548891544342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4127030670642853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3410630226135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.30137085914611816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11792504787445068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0809510350227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/095400998116549","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/095400998116549","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/095400998116549?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188800","display_name":"Connection Science","issn_l":"0954-0091","issn":["0954-0091","1360-0494"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Connection Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cogprints.org:520","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cogprints.org/520/2/systemffn-rn.ps","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401879","display_name":"CogPrints (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.40.8420","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.40.8420","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.aist.go.jp/ETL/etl/ninchi/stevep@etl.go.jp/papers/systemffn-rn.ps","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/095400998116549","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/095400998116549","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/095400998116549?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188800","display_name":"Connection Science","issn_l":"0954-0091","issn":["0954-0091","1360-0494"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Connection Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2078695421.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2078695421.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485981043","https://openalex.org/W1499479514","https://openalex.org/W1538078092","https://openalex.org/W1554027614","https://openalex.org/W1727799650","https://openalex.org/W1874739755","https://openalex.org/W2110085047","https://openalex.org/W2118373646"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205841273","https://openalex.org/W4205525690","https://openalex.org/W1732468982","https://openalex.org/W2075843291","https://openalex.org/W4245974201","https://openalex.org/W1586458171","https://openalex.org/W2075675277","https://openalex.org/W1983708720","https://openalex.org/W74833345","https://openalex.org/W4210269374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"cognition":[1],"is":[2],"said":[3],"to":[4,10,17,27],"be":[5],"systematic:":[6],"cognitive":[7,18],"ability":[8],"generalizes":[9],"structurally":[11],"related":[12],"behaviours.":[13],"The":[14],"connectionist":[15,57],"approach":[16],"theorizing":[19],"has":[20],"been":[21],"strongly":[22],"criticized":[23],"for":[24,88],"its":[25],"failure":[26],"explain":[28],"systematicity.":[29,89],"Demonstrations":[30],"of":[31,51,59,71,82],"generalization":[32],"notwithstanding,":[33],"I":[34],"show":[35],"that":[36],"two":[37,64],"widely":[38],"used":[39],"networks":[40],"(feedforward":[41],"and":[42],"recurrent)":[43],"do":[44],"not":[45],"support":[46],"systematicity":[47,72],"under":[48,73],"the":[49,80],"condition":[50],"local":[52,74],"input/output":[53,75],"representations.":[54],"For":[55],"a":[56],"explanation":[58],"systematicity,":[60],"these":[61],"results":[62],"leave":[63],"choices:":[65],"either":[66],"(1)":[67],"develop":[68],"models":[69],"capable":[70],"representations":[76,86],"or":[77],"(2)":[78],"justify":[79],"choice":[81],"similarity-based":[83],"(non-local)":[84],"component":[85],"sufficient":[87]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}