{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2003354592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09540090412331314821","title":"Evolving cognitive scaffolding and environment adaptation: a new research direction for evolutionary robotics","display_name":"Evolving cognitive scaffolding and environment adaptation: a new research direction for evolutionary robotics","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2003354592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09540090412331314821","mag":"2003354592"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/09540090412331314821","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09540090412331314821","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09540090412331314821?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188800","display_name":"Connection Science","issn_l":"0954-0091","issn":["0954-0091","1360-0494"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Connection Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09540090412331314821?download=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001467069","display_name":"Tom Ziemke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6883-2450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205158640","display_name":"University of Sk\u00f6vde","ror":"https://ror.org/051mrsz47","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205158640"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Ziemke","raw_affiliation_strings":["a School of Humanities and Informatics , University of Sk\u00f6vde , PO Box 408, 541 28, Sk\u00f6vde, Sweden E-mail:","a   School of Humanities and Informatics , University of Sk\u00f6vde , PO Box 408, 541 28, Sk\u00f6vde,  Sweden  E-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a School of Humanities and Informatics , University of Sk\u00f6vde , PO Box 408, 541 28, Sk\u00f6vde, Sweden E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205158640"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"a   School of Humanities and Informatics , University of Sk\u00f6vde , PO Box 408, 541 28, Sk\u00f6vde,  Sweden  E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205158640"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053436065","display_name":"Nicklas Bergfeldt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205158640","display_name":"University of Sk\u00f6vde","ror":"https://ror.org/051mrsz47","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205158640"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicklas Bergfeldt","raw_affiliation_strings":["a School of Humanities and Informatics , University of Sk\u00f6vde , PO Box 408, 541 28, Sk\u00f6vde, Sweden E-mail:","a   School of Humanities and Informatics , University of Sk\u00f6vde , PO Box 408, 541 28, Sk\u00f6vde,  Sweden  E-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a School of Humanities and Informatics , University of Sk\u00f6vde , PO Box 408, 541 28, Sk\u00f6vde, Sweden E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205158640"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"a   School of Humanities and Informatics , University of Sk\u00f6vde , PO Box 408, 541 28, Sk\u00f6vde,  Sweden  E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205158640"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089680715","display_name":"Gunnar B\u00faason","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205158640","display_name":"University of Sk\u00f6vde","ror":"https://ror.org/051mrsz47","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205158640"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gunnar Buason","raw_affiliation_strings":["a School of Humanities and Informatics , University of Sk\u00f6vde , PO Box 408, 541 28, Sk\u00f6vde, Sweden E-mail:","a   School of Humanities and Informatics , University of Sk\u00f6vde , PO Box 408, 541 28, Sk\u00f6vde,  Sweden  E-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a School of Humanities and Informatics , University of Sk\u00f6vde , PO Box 408, 541 28, Sk\u00f6vde, Sweden E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205158640"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"a   School of Humanities and Informatics , University of Sk\u00f6vde , PO Box 408, 541 28, Sk\u00f6vde,  Sweden  E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205158640"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018267489","display_name":"Tarja Susi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205158640","display_name":"University of Sk\u00f6vde","ror":"https://ror.org/051mrsz47","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205158640"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarja Susi","raw_affiliation_strings":["a School of Humanities and Informatics , University of Sk\u00f6vde , PO Box 408, 541 28, Sk\u00f6vde, Sweden E-mail:","a   School of Humanities and Informatics , University of Sk\u00f6vde , PO Box 408, 541 28, Sk\u00f6vde,  Sweden  E-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a School of Humanities and Informatics , University of Sk\u00f6vde , PO Box 408, 541 28, Sk\u00f6vde, Sweden E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205158640"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"a   School of Humanities and Informatics , University of Sk\u00f6vde , PO Box 408, 541 28, Sk\u00f6vde,  Sweden  E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205158640"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040723528","display_name":"Henrik Svensson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3129-4892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205158640","display_name":"University of Sk\u00f6vde","ror":"https://ror.org/051mrsz47","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205158640"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henrik Svensson","raw_affiliation_strings":["a School of Humanities and Informatics , University of Sk\u00f6vde , PO Box 408, 541 28, Sk\u00f6vde, Sweden E-mail:","a   School of Humanities and Informatics , University of Sk\u00f6vde , PO Box 408, 541 28, Sk\u00f6vde,  Sweden  E-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a School of Humanities and Informatics , University of Sk\u00f6vde , PO Box 408, 541 28, Sk\u00f6vde, Sweden E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205158640"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"a   School of Humanities and Informatics , University of Sk\u00f6vde , PO Box 408, 541 28, Sk\u00f6vde,  Sweden  E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205158640"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1270},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7757,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90869044,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"339","last_page":"350"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-robotics","display_name":"Evolutionary robotics","score":0.7418563365936279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.7370578050613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7052377462387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.6857470273971558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-robotics","display_name":"Developmental robotics","score":0.6735104918479919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-robotics","display_name":"Cognitive robotics","score":0.656857967376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6155909895896912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embodied-cognition","display_name":"Embodied cognition","score":0.5919944047927856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.5369441509246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.48827123641967773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.4785212278366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavior-based-robotics","display_name":"Behavior-based robotics","score":0.4780724048614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4519372880458832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4484545886516571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-life","display_name":"Artificial life","score":0.42345964908599854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4172128140926361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1927776038646698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10010579228401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.09264838695526123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.09023529291152954}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199505168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3267529","display_name":"Evolutionary robotics","level":3,"score":0.7418563365936279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.7370578050613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7052377462387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.6857470273971558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11207580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5266817","display_name":"Developmental robotics","level":4,"score":0.6735104918479919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192327766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038799","display_name":"Cognitive robotics","level":3,"score":0.656857967376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6155909895896912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.5919944047927856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.5369441509246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.48827123641967773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.4785212278366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19766214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4880688","display_name":"Behavior-based robotics","level":4,"score":0.4780724048614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4519372880458832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4484545886516571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19273510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q263847","display_name":"Artificial life","level":2,"score":0.42345964908599854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4172128140926361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1927776038646698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10010579228401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.09264838695526123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.09023529291152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/09540090412331314821","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09540090412331314821","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09540090412331314821?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188800","display_name":"Connection Science","issn_l":"0954-0091","issn":["0954-0091","1360-0494"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Connection Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.96.7649","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.96.7649","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.his.se/upload/14336/ziemke_consci2004.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/09540090412331314821","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09540090412331314821","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09540090412331314821?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188800","display_name":"Connection Science","issn_l":"0954-0091","issn":["0954-0091","1360-0494"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Connection Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2003354592.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2003354592.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W47808354","https://openalex.org/W1486919307","https://openalex.org/W1522953210","https://openalex.org/W1527229003","https://openalex.org/W1569529949","https://openalex.org/W1589086237","https://openalex.org/W1608391772","https://openalex.org/W1992652075","https://openalex.org/W2004783745","https://openalex.org/W2022029210","https://openalex.org/W2025842514","https://openalex.org/W2029271530","https://openalex.org/W2061457936","https://openalex.org/W2069108297","https://openalex.org/W2076103977","https://openalex.org/W2078739386","https://openalex.org/W2085529605","https://openalex.org/W2099009596","https://openalex.org/W2100844966","https://openalex.org/W2101235542","https://openalex.org/W2123603385","https://openalex.org/W2149871187","https://openalex.org/W2171623199","https://openalex.org/W2339009915","https://openalex.org/W2397253692","https://openalex.org/W2543115189","https://openalex.org/W2586650997","https://openalex.org/W2604924053","https://openalex.org/W2773867744","https://openalex.org/W2890603939","https://openalex.org/W2915077304","https://openalex.org/W4236544382","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4299830491"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000670026","https://openalex.org/W2790175389","https://openalex.org/W1972108682","https://openalex.org/W2003354592","https://openalex.org/W2000096447","https://openalex.org/W4280626983","https://openalex.org/W3082691062","https://openalex.org/W4249193908","https://openalex.org/W2946596550","https://openalex.org/W2794820730"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"researchers":[1],"in":[2,12,54,76,103,114],"embodied":[3],"cognitive":[4,132],"science":[5],"and":[6,9,20,35,45,145],"artificial":[7,43],"intelligence,":[8],"evolutionary":[10,55,150],"robotics":[11,151],"particular,":[13],"emphasize":[14],"the":[15,25,31,40,49,73,86,123,136],"interaction":[16,32],"of":[17,27,42,51,60,62,93,125],"brain,":[18],"body":[19],"environment":[21,87,126],"as":[22,37,39],"crucial":[23],"to":[24,67,79,84,88,130],"emergence":[26],"intelligent,":[28],"adaptive":[29],"behaviour.Accordingly,":[30],"between":[33],"agent":[34],"environment,":[36],"well":[38],"co-adaptation":[41],"brains":[44],"bodies,":[46],"has":[47,98],"been":[48,99],"focus":[50],"much":[52],"research":[53,147],"robotics.Hence,":[56],"there":[57],"are":[58,152],"plenty":[59],"studies":[61],"robotic":[63],"agents/":[64],"species":[65],"adapting":[66,94],"a":[68,115],"given":[69],"environment.Many":[70],"animals,":[71],"on":[72],"other":[74],"hand,":[75],"particular":[77],"humans,":[78],"some":[80,109],"extent":[81],"can":[82,128],"choose":[83],"adapt":[85],"their":[89],"own":[90],"needs":[91],"instead":[92],"(only)":[95],"themselves.That":[96],"alternative":[97],"studied":[100],"relatively":[101],"little":[102],"robot":[104],"experiments.This":[105],"paper,":[106],"therefore,":[107],"presents":[108],"simple":[110],"initial":[111],"simulation":[112],"experiments,":[113],"delayed":[116],"response":[117],"task":[118],"setting,":[119],"that":[120,134],"illustrate":[121],"how":[122],"evolution":[124],"adaptation":[127],"serve":[129],"provide":[131],"scaffolding":[133],"reduces":[135],"requirements":[137],"for":[138,149],"individual":[139],"agents.Furthermore,":[140],"theoretical":[141],"implications,":[142],"open":[143],"questions":[144],"future":[146],"directions":[148],"discussed.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}