{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2025931919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/095400900116195","title":"Constituent similarity and systematicity: The limits of first-order connectionism","display_name":"Constituent similarity and systematicity: The limits of first-order connectionism","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2025931919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/095400900116195","mag":"2025931919"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/095400900116195","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/095400900116195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188800","display_name":"Connection Science","issn_l":"0954-0091","issn":["0954-0091","1360-0494"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Connection Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081838760","display_name":"Steven Phillips","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-0670"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Steven Phillips","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081838760"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1270},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.302,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88429092,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"45","last_page":"63"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.9171000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.9171000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11665","display_name":"Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior","score":0.911899983882904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1309","display_name":"Developmental Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.9096999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connectionism","display_name":"Connectionism","score":0.8781607151031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6363211274147034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6355995535850525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5729206800460815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.537534773349762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5047768354415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.43598663806915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4157860577106476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4153200387954712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.39759206771850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3230600953102112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.31011056900024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2799094319343567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.20620790123939514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1917835772037506}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8521452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203790","display_name":"Connectionism","level":3,"score":0.8781607151031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6363211274147034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6355995535850525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5729206800460815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.537534773349762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5047768354415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43598663806915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4157860577106476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4153200387954712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.39759206771850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3230600953102112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.31011056900024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2799094319343567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.20620790123939514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1917835772037506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/095400900116195","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/095400900116195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188800","display_name":"Connection Science","issn_l":"0954-0091","issn":["0954-0091","1360-0494"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Connection Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.29.1377","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.29.1377","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.etl.go.jp/etl/cogsci/stevep/www/papers/constituent_similarity.ps","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.59.2815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.59.2815","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://staff.aist.go.jp/steven.phillips/papers/constituent_similarity.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205841273","https://openalex.org/W615678800","https://openalex.org/W122840862","https://openalex.org/W1596913645","https://openalex.org/W113454158","https://openalex.org/W583107845","https://openalex.org/W2161202473","https://openalex.org/W4205525690","https://openalex.org/W1497673662","https://openalex.org/W2766091780"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Standard":[0],"feedforward":[1],"and":[2,182],"recurrent":[3],"networks":[4],"cannot":[5,52,171],"support":[6],"strong":[7],"systematicity":[8,21],"when":[9],"constituents":[10,70],"are":[11],"presented":[12],"as":[13,130,176,228],"local":[14],"input/output":[15],"vectors":[16],"(Phillips,":[17],"1998).":[18],"To":[19],"explain":[20],"connectionists":[22],"must":[23],"either:":[24],"(1)":[25],"develop":[26],"alternative":[27],"models#":[28],"or":[29],"(2)":[30],"justify":[31],"the":[32,41,47,98,108,114,140,153,206,215],"assumption":[33],"of":[34,88,185,224],"similar":[35,93,146],"(non-local)":[36],"constituent":[37,147,154,189,197,221,225],"representations":[38,95,148],"prior":[39],"to":[40,71,84,101,110,144,211,218],"learning":[42],"task.":[43],"I":[44],"show":[45],"that":[46,97,126,179,191],"second":[48],"commonly":[49],"presumed":[50],"option":[51,208],"account":[53,72,172],"for":[54,73,158,173],"systematicity,":[55],"in":[56,229],"general.":[57],"This":[58],"option,":[59],"termed":[60],"first-order":[61],"connectionism,":[62],"relies":[63],"upon":[64],"established":[65],"spatial":[66],"relationships":[67,190],"between":[68,162],"common-class":[69,120],"systematic":[74],"generalization:":[75],"Inferences":[76],"(functions)":[77],"learned":[78,100],"over,":[79],"e.g.,":[80],"cats":[81],"extend":[82],"systematically":[83],"dogs":[85],"by":[86],"virtue":[87],"both":[89],"being":[90],"nouns":[91],"with":[92,205,214],"internal":[94],"so":[96],"function":[99],"make":[102,111],"inferences":[103,112,125],"employing":[104,113],"one":[105,159,168,184],"simultaneously":[106],"has":[107],"capacity":[109,217],"other.":[115],"But,":[116],"humans":[117],"generalize":[118],"beyond":[119],"constituents.":[121],"Cross-category":[122],"generalization":[123],"(e.g.,":[124],"require":[127,180],"treating":[128],"mango":[129],"a":[131,135,195],"colour,":[132],"rather":[133,233],"than":[134],"fruit)":[136],"makes":[137],"having":[138],"had":[139],"necessary":[141],"common":[142],"context":[143],"learn":[145],"highly":[149],"unlikely.":[150],"At":[151],"best,":[152],"similarity":[155],"proposal":[156],"encodes":[157],"binary":[160,188],"relationship":[161],"any":[163,167],"two":[164],"constituents,":[165],"at":[166],"time.":[169],"It":[170],"inferences,":[174],"such":[175,227],"transverse":[177],"patterning":[178],"identifying":[181],"applying":[183],"many":[186],"possible":[187],"is":[192],"contingent":[193],"on":[194],"third":[196],"(i.e.,":[198],"ternary":[199],"relationship).":[200],"Connectionists":[201],"are,":[202],"therefore,":[203],"left":[204],"first":[207],"which":[209],"amounts":[210],"developing":[212],"models":[213],"symbol-like":[216],"explicitly":[219],"represent":[220],"relations":[222],"independent":[223],"contents,":[226],"tensor-related":[230],"models.":[231],"However,":[232],"just":[234],"simply":[235],"impl...":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}