{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3200593072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2021.1977790","title":"Biopharmaceutical patents: multifaceted signals, reducing and enhancing knowledge asymmetries in drug discovery","display_name":"Biopharmaceutical patents: multifaceted signals, reducing and enhancing knowledge asymmetries in drug discovery","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3200593072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2021.1977790","mag":"3200593072"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/09537325.2021.1977790","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2021.1977790","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130699561","display_name":"Technology Analysis and Strategic Management","issn_l":"0953-7325","issn":["0953-7325","1465-3990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technology Analysis & Strategic Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050472776","display_name":"Edward Levitas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0427-989X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","ror":"https://ror.org/031q21x57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Edward Levitas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lubar School of Business, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0427-989X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lubar School of Business, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085185214","display_name":"M. Ann McFadyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9969-3545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Ann McFadyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Business, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9969-3545","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Business, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050472776"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2908,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68919025,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"4","first_page":"438","last_page":"450"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12722","display_name":"Innovation Policy and R&D","score":0.9646000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14293","display_name":"Biotechnology and Related Fields","score":0.9488999843597412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biopharmaceutical","display_name":"Biopharmaceutical","score":0.8416551351547241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-discovery","display_name":"Drug discovery","score":0.6198086738586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5750327110290527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug","display_name":"Drug","score":0.47690582275390625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.41716158390045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3649596869945526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3484383523464203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.3370369076728821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacology","display_name":"Pharmacology","score":0.23590853810310364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biotechnology","display_name":"Biotechnology","score":0.19468456506729126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.15267351269721985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.08985832333564758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioinformatics","display_name":"Bioinformatics","score":0.08701285719871521}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781047461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679692","display_name":"Biopharmaceutical","level":2,"score":0.8416551351547241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74187038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418791","display_name":"Drug discovery","level":2,"score":0.6198086738586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5750327110290527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.47690582275390625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.41716158390045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3649596869945526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3484383523464203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.3370369076728821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.23590853810310364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.19468456506729126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.15267351269721985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.08985832333564758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.08701285719871521}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/09537325.2021.1977790","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2021.1977790","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130699561","display_name":"Technology Analysis and Strategic Management","issn_l":"0953-7325","issn":["0953-7325","1465-3990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technology Analysis & Strategic Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9381690","https://openalex.org/W1497789111","https://openalex.org/W1529415909","https://openalex.org/W1976395435","https://openalex.org/W1984465657","https://openalex.org/W1986192078","https://openalex.org/W1993023795","https://openalex.org/W2011341343","https://openalex.org/W2014740757","https://openalex.org/W2027574342","https://openalex.org/W2029961456","https://openalex.org/W2032152873","https://openalex.org/W2035683178","https://openalex.org/W2046599362","https://openalex.org/W2046890673","https://openalex.org/W2048618868","https://openalex.org/W2057289437","https://openalex.org/W2083860273","https://openalex.org/W2092973271","https://openalex.org/W2095513545","https://openalex.org/W2104494483","https://openalex.org/W2108795964","https://openalex.org/W2112256230","https://openalex.org/W2113787654","https://openalex.org/W2124298085","https://openalex.org/W2126114123","https://openalex.org/W2150183288","https://openalex.org/W2154108459","https://openalex.org/W2154234817","https://openalex.org/W2156564688","https://openalex.org/W2165888390","https://openalex.org/W2172157658","https://openalex.org/W2766563838","https://openalex.org/W2775329852","https://openalex.org/W2809839640","https://openalex.org/W2944973642","https://openalex.org/W2974736284","https://openalex.org/W3121531922","https://openalex.org/W3121597660","https://openalex.org/W3121707495","https://openalex.org/W3121959657","https://openalex.org/W3122801308","https://openalex.org/W3122898236","https://openalex.org/W3123479886","https://openalex.org/W3124008660","https://openalex.org/W3124613598","https://openalex.org/W3125125500","https://openalex.org/W3125344093","https://openalex.org/W4211100651","https://openalex.org/W4234067900","https://openalex.org/W4254984454","https://openalex.org/W4301224743"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2286919529","https://openalex.org/W2375119646","https://openalex.org/W2069358116","https://openalex.org/W2023850884","https://openalex.org/W2018051517","https://openalex.org/W2081639766","https://openalex.org/W2804865756","https://openalex.org/W3134564766","https://openalex.org/W4285507331","https://openalex.org/W171688809"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Patents":[0],"are":[1],"often":[2],"studied":[3],"as":[4,33],"signals":[5],"that":[6],"convey":[7],"invaluable":[8],"insights":[9],"into":[10],"a":[11,35],"firm\u2019s":[12],"inventive":[13],"capabilities,":[14],"aiding":[15],"in":[16],"the":[17,23],"reduction":[18],"of":[19],"knowledge":[20,53,59,72],"asymmetries":[21],"between":[22],"firm":[24],"and":[25,44],"external":[26],"investors.":[27],"Yet,":[28],"most":[29],"researchers":[30],"examine":[31],"patents":[32,41],"providing":[34],"single":[36],"positive":[37],"signal.":[38],"We":[39,61],"argue":[40],"provide":[42,62,66],"multiple":[43,67],"possibly":[45],"countervailing":[46],"signals;":[47],"some":[48],"characteristics":[49,65],"may":[50],"increase":[51],"perceived":[52,58,71],"asymmetries,":[54],"while":[55],"others":[56],"decrease":[57],"asymmetries.":[60,73],"evidence":[63],"patent":[64],"signals,":[68],"impacting":[69],"investors\u2019":[70]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}