{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2068541378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09537320120088183","title":"Choosing Between Internal and Non-internal R&D Activities: Some Technological and Economic Factors","display_name":"Choosing Between Internal and Non-internal R&D Activities: Some Technological and Economic Factors","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2068541378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09537320120088183","mag":"2068541378"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/09537320120088183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09537320120088183","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09537320120088183","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130699561","display_name":"Technology Analysis and Strategic Management","issn_l":"0953-7325","issn":["0953-7325","1465-3990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technology Analysis &amp; Strategic Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09537320120088183","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058101063","display_name":"Rajneesh Narula","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4266-2681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rajneesh Narula","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture (TIK Centre) University of Oslo PO Box 1108 Blindern N-0317 Oslo, Norway","Senior Research Fellow","University of Oslo and the STEP group"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture (TIK Centre) University of Oslo PO Box 1108 Blindern N-0317 Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Research Fellow","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oslo and the STEP group","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058101063"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.1153,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":185,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9619922,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"365","last_page":"387"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12722","display_name":"Innovation Policy and R&D","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outsourcing","display_name":"Outsourcing","score":0.8725088834762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portfolio","display_name":"Portfolio","score":0.6946264505386353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.5578396320343018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.5198888778686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.49338045716285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.48510468006134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.4455983340740204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.4290008842945099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategic-choice","display_name":"Strategic Choice","score":0.42236247658729553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-capabilities","display_name":"Dynamic capabilities","score":0.4165859520435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.4076801836490631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.2778143882751465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.19276732206344604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.06723207235336304}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.8725088834762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780821815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5340806","display_name":"Portfolio","level":2,"score":0.6946264505386353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.5578396320343018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5198888778686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.49338045716285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.48510468006134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4455983340740204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.4290008842945099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781386297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39055848","display_name":"Strategic Choice","level":2,"score":0.42236247658729553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780504989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2742037","display_name":"Dynamic capabilities","level":2,"score":0.4165859520435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4076801836490631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.2778143882751465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.19276732206344604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.06723207235336304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/09537320120088183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09537320120088183","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09537320120088183","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130699561","display_name":"Technology Analysis and Strategic Management","issn_l":"0953-7325","issn":["0953-7325","1465-3990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technology Analysis &amp; Strategic Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:unm:umamer:1999022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:publications/13a52547-a76b-4607-8c10-dcebfd60a0c5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/13a52547-a76b-4607-8c10-dcebfd60a0c5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/09537320120088183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09537320120088183","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09537320120088183","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130699561","display_name":"Technology Analysis and Strategic Management","issn_l":"0953-7325","issn":["0953-7325","1465-3990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technology Analysis &amp; Strategic Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2068541378.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2068541378.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W580069000","https://openalex.org/W1491554624","https://openalex.org/W1495886451","https://openalex.org/W1535129021","https://openalex.org/W1554940969","https://openalex.org/W1977120859","https://openalex.org/W1984934316","https://openalex.org/W2008056941","https://openalex.org/W2012293605","https://openalex.org/W2018706965","https://openalex.org/W2025145152","https://openalex.org/W2026664215","https://openalex.org/W2028011813","https://openalex.org/W2030550807","https://openalex.org/W2031759074","https://openalex.org/W2035102686","https://openalex.org/W2037196671","https://openalex.org/W2048201790","https://openalex.org/W2056649288","https://openalex.org/W2061554327","https://openalex.org/W2064674995","https://openalex.org/W2070565483","https://openalex.org/W2071195041","https://openalex.org/W2084957950","https://openalex.org/W2093092822","https://openalex.org/W2094731842","https://openalex.org/W2095561982","https://openalex.org/W2103773539","https://openalex.org/W2114334953","https://openalex.org/W2142257426","https://openalex.org/W2145334309","https://openalex.org/W2152526190","https://openalex.org/W2161159763","https://openalex.org/W2163726718","https://openalex.org/W2524218442","https://openalex.org/W3021360168","https://openalex.org/W3125571233","https://openalex.org/W4232103499","https://openalex.org/W4237274722","https://openalex.org/W4242027221","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4290016560","https://openalex.org/W4292490918","https://openalex.org/W4301066124"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2358200898","https://openalex.org/W4231184955","https://openalex.org/W2325765407","https://openalex.org/W2788012436","https://openalex.org/W618293728","https://openalex.org/W2291845669","https://openalex.org/W200604156","https://openalex.org/W2374784346","https://openalex.org/W4377695609","https://openalex.org/W3206119485"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"evaluates":[2,71],"some":[3],"of":[4,74,81,118,127],"the":[5,12,23,26,72,96,103,116],"technological":[6],"and":[7,19,31,45,83],"economic":[8],"factors":[9],"that":[10,47,93],"underlie":[11],"choice":[13,73],"between":[14],"in-house":[15],"R&D,":[16],"R&D":[17,40],"alliances":[18],"outsourcing.":[20],"We":[21,59,113],"recount":[22],"reasons":[24],"for":[25,39],"growth":[27],"in":[28,107],"non-internal":[29],"activities,":[30,44],"explain":[32],"why":[33],"these":[34],"are":[35,57],"not":[36],"as":[37,41],"prevalent":[38],"other":[42],"value-adding":[43],"highlight":[46],"outsourcing":[48],"is":[49,68,91,105],"most":[50],"often":[51],"undertaken":[52],"where":[53],"multiple,":[54],"substitutable":[55],"sources":[56],"available.":[58],"then":[60],"develop":[61],"two":[62],"frameworks.":[63],"First,":[64],"a":[65,78,88,124],"static":[66,97],"framework":[67,90,98],"developed,":[69],"which":[70],"mode":[75],"based":[76],"on":[77,101],"firm's":[79,125],"distribution":[80],"competencies,":[82],"their":[84],"strategic":[85],"importance.":[86],"Second,":[87],"dynamic":[89],"developed":[92],"demonstrates":[94],"how":[95],"differs":[99],"depending":[100],"whether":[102],"firm":[104],"engaged":[106],"pre-paradigmatic,":[108],"paradigmatic":[109],"or":[110],"post-paradigmatic":[111],"sectors.":[112],"also":[114],"consider":[115],"effect":[117],"new":[119],"technologies":[120],"being":[121],"introduced":[122],"to":[123],"portfolio":[126],"competencies":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
