{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2169736476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09528139308953775","title":"Representational content in humans and machines","display_name":"Representational content in humans and machines","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2169736476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09528139308953775","mag":"2169736476"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/09528139308953775","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09528139308953775","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153467142","display_name":"Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-813X","issn":["0952-813X","1362-3079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental &amp; Theoretical Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037127095","display_name":"Mark H. Bickhard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3859-9437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186143895","display_name":"Lehigh University","ror":"https://ror.org/012afjb06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"MARK H. BICKHARD","raw_affiliation_strings":["\n Department of Philosophy, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA Phone: tel.: 215-758-3633 E-mail: MHB0@LEHIGH.EDU","Department of Philosophy , Lehigh University , Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA Phone: tel.: 215-758-3633 E-mail: MHB0@LEHIGH.EDU"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\n Department of Philosophy, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA Phone: tel.: 215-758-3633 E-mail: MHB0@LEHIGH.EDU","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy , Lehigh University , Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA Phone: tel.: 215-758-3633 E-mail: MHB0@LEHIGH.EDU","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037127095"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.5546,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":362,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99349611,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"4","first_page":"285","last_page":"333"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10258","display_name":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functionalism","display_name":"Functionalism (philosophy of mind)","score":0.8328660726547241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7349656224250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.7173053622245789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naturalism","display_name":"Naturalism","score":0.6919201612472534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naturalization","display_name":"Naturalization","score":0.6539837121963501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.6385506987571716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.5369880199432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content","display_name":"Content (measure theory)","score":0.5206160545349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.4430139362812042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40928950905799866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.23019549250602722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.14101320505142212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11066475510597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.10226652026176453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.09109199047088623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43252294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377166","display_name":"Functionalism (philosophy of mind)","level":2,"score":0.8328660726547241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7349656224250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.7173053622245789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43236755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56000","display_name":"Naturalism","level":2,"score":0.6919201612472534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779392107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841440","display_name":"Naturalization","level":5,"score":0.6539837121963501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.6385506987571716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.5369880199432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778152352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165061","display_name":"Content (measure theory)","level":2,"score":0.5206160545349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.4430139362812042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40928950905799866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.23019549250602722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.14101320505142212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11066475510597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.10226652026176453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09109199047088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200724805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990792","display_name":"Alien","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/09528139308953775","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09528139308953775","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153467142","display_name":"Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-813X","issn":["0952-813X","1362-3079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental &amp; Theoretical Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.1017.3309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1017.3309","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark_Bickhard/publication/220080014_Representational_content_in_humans_and_machines/links/00b4953c51c21f2d58000000.pdf?origin%3Dpublication_detail","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.1031.6872","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1031.6872","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark_Bickhard/publication/220080014_Representational_content_in_humans_and_machines/links/00b4953c51c21f2d58000000.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":104,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44712423","https://openalex.org/W72344567","https://openalex.org/W128688919","https://openalex.org/W130588141","https://openalex.org/W185076037","https://openalex.org/W192161780","https://openalex.org/W364185285","https://openalex.org/W573037032","https://openalex.org/W573044666","https://openalex.org/W584800022","https://openalex.org/W636327793","https://openalex.org/W646917745","https://openalex.org/W1492582005","https://openalex.org/W1494914454","https://openalex.org/W1515004726","https://openalex.org/W1517415408","https://openalex.org/W1526895806","https://openalex.org/W1537305862","https://openalex.org/W1540715591","https://openalex.org/W1554646488","https://openalex.org/W1580568969","https://openalex.org/W1581140154","https://openalex.org/W1584724822","https://openalex.org/W1594368312","https://openalex.org/W1687573666","https://openalex.org/W1730099161","https://openalex.org/W1799227866","https://openalex.org/W1893348831","https://openalex.org/W1933657216","https://openalex.org/W1966840722","https://openalex.org/W1975450648","https://openalex.org/W1976086691","https://openalex.org/W1979639590","https://openalex.org/W1984800487","https://openalex.org/W1992204683","https://openalex.org/W1993833464","https://openalex.org/W1995975559","https://openalex.org/W1997704656","https://openalex.org/W2002089154","https://openalex.org/W2017722381","https://openalex.org/W2021573703","https://openalex.org/W2031293791","https://openalex.org/W2032822243","https://openalex.org/W2039170454","https://openalex.org/W2043515388","https://openalex.org/W2045268553","https://openalex.org/W2047868398","https://openalex.org/W2049602177","https://openalex.org/W2062183687","https://openalex.org/W2072743467","https://openalex.org/W2079557695","https://openalex.org/W2081981374","https://openalex.org/W2083796398","https://openalex.org/W2086227893","https://openalex.org/W2088636494","https://openalex.org/W2096600399","https://openalex.org/W2107019937","https://openalex.org/W2116269642","https://openalex.org/W2118373646","https://openalex.org/W2126451342","https://openalex.org/W2144475403","https://openalex.org/W2167954650","https://openalex.org/W2180809782","https://openalex.org/W2319470229","https://openalex.org/W2322993906","https://openalex.org/W2323429386","https://openalex.org/W2329937548","https://openalex.org/W2330854432","https://openalex.org/W2490962946","https://openalex.org/W2494487601","https://openalex.org/W2502819436","https://openalex.org/W2620915190","https://openalex.org/W2750542111","https://openalex.org/W2770562319","https://openalex.org/W2794957743","https://openalex.org/W2798289563","https://openalex.org/W2798590689","https://openalex.org/W2998740489","https://openalex.org/W3022257453","https://openalex.org/W3026685026","https://openalex.org/W3038830718","https://openalex.org/W3110909889","https://openalex.org/W3145967654","https://openalex.org/W3151216969","https://openalex.org/W3157657871","https://openalex.org/W3162335555","https://openalex.org/W3207281423","https://openalex.org/W4210296860","https://openalex.org/W4230226650","https://openalex.org/W4231079695","https://openalex.org/W4232288974","https://openalex.org/W4234898185","https://openalex.org/W4241743037","https://openalex.org/W4244205768","https://openalex.org/W4245855343","https://openalex.org/W4248976610","https://openalex.org/W4252319302","https://openalex.org/W4254981888","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4297439914","https://openalex.org/W4298052447","https://openalex.org/W4298368365","https://openalex.org/W4302339081","https://openalex.org/W4312950254"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4234272931","https://openalex.org/W2273054387","https://openalex.org/W2484791528","https://openalex.org/W2318494035","https://openalex.org/W1300645","https://openalex.org/W4388436541","https://openalex.org/W2065792849","https://openalex.org/W3161897091","https://openalex.org/W4252813426","https://openalex.org/W4381996135"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"article":[2],"focuses":[3],"on":[4],"the":[5,15,23,32,38,85,115],"problem":[6],"of":[7,31,69,106,126,131,137,140],"representational":[8,12,143],"content.":[9,144],"Accounting":[10],"for":[11],"content":[13,35],"is":[14,22,36,49,76,109,121],"central":[16,39],"issue":[17],"in":[18,55],"contemporary":[19,42],"naturalism:":[20],"it":[21,48],"major":[24],"remaining":[25],"task":[26],"facing":[27,117],"a":[28,124,129,138],"naturalistic":[29],"conception":[30],"world.":[33],"Representational":[34],"also":[37],"barrier":[40],"to":[41,52,58,78,81,101],"cognitive":[43],"science":[44],"and":[45,128,142],"artificial":[46,146],"intelligence:":[47],"not":[50],"possible":[51],"understand":[53],"representation":[54,63,71,141],"animals":[56],"nor":[57],"construct":[59],"machines":[60],"with":[61],"genuine":[62],"given":[64],"current":[65,79],"(lack":[66],"of)":[67],"understanding":[68],"what":[70],"is.":[72],"An":[73,103],"elaborated":[74],"critique":[75],"offered":[77],"approaches":[80,98],"representation,":[82],"arguing":[83],"that":[84,96,111,132],"basic":[86],"underlying":[87],"approach":[88],"is,":[89],"at":[90],"root,":[91],"logically":[92],"incoherent,":[93],"and,":[94],"thus,":[95],"standard":[97,118],"are":[99],"doomed":[100],"failure.":[102],"alternative":[104],"model":[105],"representation\u2014":[107],"interactivism":[108],"presented":[110],"avoids":[112],"or":[113],"solves":[114],"problems":[116],"approaches.":[119],"Interactivism":[120],"framed":[122],"by":[123],"version":[125],"functionalism,":[127],"naturalization":[130,139],"functionalism":[133],"completes":[134],"an":[135],"outline":[136],"Keywords:":[145],"intelligencecognitive":[147],"scienceconnectionismcontrolemergenceencodingismepistemologyFodorfunctionalismidealisminformationinnatisminteractivismnarrow":[148],"contentnaturalismontologyrepresentationsemanticsskepticismtransduction":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
