{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2151952545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09528130903065380","title":"The optimal level of fuzz: case studies in a methodology for psychological research","display_name":"The optimal level of fuzz: case studies in a methodology for psychological research","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2151952545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09528130903065380","mag":"2151952545","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19756251"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/09528130903065380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09528130903065380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153467142","display_name":"Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-813X","issn":["0952-813X","1362-3079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2743110","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046157332","display_name":"Arthur B. Markman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arthur B. Markman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Austin","Department of Psychology , University of Texas, 1 University Station , A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Austin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology , University of Texas, 1 University Station , A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060845867","display_name":"Jennifer S. Beer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8277-1698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer S. Beer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology , University of Texas, 1 University Station , A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology , University of Texas, 1 University Station , A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033611092","display_name":"Lisa R. Grimm","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa R. Grimm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology , University of Texas, 1 University Station , A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology , University of Texas, 1 University Station , A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050801312","display_name":"Jonathan R. Rein","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan R. Rein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology , University of Texas, 1 University Station , A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology , University of Texas, 1 University Station , A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032781961","display_name":"W. Todd Maddox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6116-7037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. Todd Maddox","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology , University of Texas, 1 University Station , A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology , University of Texas, 1 University Station , A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046157332"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1809,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89660745,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"3","first_page":"197","last_page":"215"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12805","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Mapping","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12805","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Mapping","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8055025339126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6627904772758484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5682573914527893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.5590380430221558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-research","display_name":"Psychological research","score":0.5284887552261353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-validity","display_name":"External validity","score":0.46831685304641724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3786464333534241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.37115979194641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3437286615371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.21427464485168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.13095998764038086}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8055025339126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6627904772758484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5682573914527893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5590380430221558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188255311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256388","display_name":"Psychological research","level":2,"score":0.5284887552261353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174106493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057880","display_name":"External validity","level":2,"score":0.46831685304641724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3786464333534241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.37115979194641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3437286615371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.21427464485168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.13095998764038086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/09528130903065380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09528130903065380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153467142","display_name":"Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-813X","issn":["0952-813X","1362-3079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19756251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19756251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of experimental & theoretical artificial intelligence : JETAI","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2743110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2743110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Exp Theor Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2743110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2743110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Exp Theor Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W160989634","https://openalex.org/W1568138435","https://openalex.org/W1756578404","https://openalex.org/W1963713965","https://openalex.org/W1978630615","https://openalex.org/W1980133014","https://openalex.org/W1985034351","https://openalex.org/W1986388296","https://openalex.org/W2007033824","https://openalex.org/W2007179372","https://openalex.org/W2008601783","https://openalex.org/W2017124064","https://openalex.org/W2024311997","https://openalex.org/W2033864365","https://openalex.org/W2043236451","https://openalex.org/W2055904739","https://openalex.org/W2063438066","https://openalex.org/W2066380143","https://openalex.org/W2066943546","https://openalex.org/W2067242602","https://openalex.org/W2077611535","https://openalex.org/W2078492619","https://openalex.org/W2078759065","https://openalex.org/W2080055695","https://openalex.org/W2082636843","https://openalex.org/W2084247107","https://openalex.org/W2086618114","https://openalex.org/W2091671142","https://openalex.org/W2092919341","https://openalex.org/W2094096318","https://openalex.org/W2097780989","https://openalex.org/W2099141989","https://openalex.org/W2099641794","https://openalex.org/W2107645892","https://openalex.org/W2107676976","https://openalex.org/W2113352630","https://openalex.org/W2113471258","https://openalex.org/W2129149957","https://openalex.org/W2131228810","https://openalex.org/W2139252049","https://openalex.org/W2140501356","https://openalex.org/W2140833567","https://openalex.org/W2140983215","https://openalex.org/W2142834652","https://openalex.org/W2144116954","https://openalex.org/W2145070660","https://openalex.org/W2146244252","https://openalex.org/W2151171865","https://openalex.org/W2151735073","https://openalex.org/W2157464421","https://openalex.org/W2161328900","https://openalex.org/W2162729142","https://openalex.org/W2162829624","https://openalex.org/W2163721435","https://openalex.org/W2169782167","https://openalex.org/W2171626760","https://openalex.org/W2899801603","https://openalex.org/W3022050653","https://openalex.org/W3159374396","https://openalex.org/W4230418079","https://openalex.org/W4230600350","https://openalex.org/W4231404861","https://openalex.org/W4231865728","https://openalex.org/W4232031327","https://openalex.org/W4234715662","https://openalex.org/W4237356565","https://openalex.org/W4248383570","https://openalex.org/W4249426557","https://openalex.org/W4253807912","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4321429508"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3125383581","https://openalex.org/W2412549953","https://openalex.org/W4249167016","https://openalex.org/W2486564388","https://openalex.org/W3014130253","https://openalex.org/W4255832262","https://openalex.org/W4253953222","https://openalex.org/W2145975717","https://openalex.org/W2035068594","https://openalex.org/W4249070393"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cognitive":[0],"Science":[1],"research":[2,33,97],"is":[3],"hard":[4],"to":[5,47,71],"conduct,":[6],"because":[7],"researchers":[8],"must":[9],"take":[10],"phenomena":[11],"from":[12,98],"the":[13,55,61,73,84],"world":[14],"and":[15,42,91,102],"turn":[16],"them":[17],"into":[18],"laboratory":[19],"tasks":[20],"for":[21,82],"which":[22,48,68],"a":[23,49],"reasonable":[24],"level":[25,75,86],"of":[26,54,76,87],"experimental":[27],"control":[28],"can":[29],"be":[30],"achieved.":[31],"Consequently,":[32],"necessarily":[34],"makes":[35],"tradeoffs":[36],"between":[37,65],"internal":[38],"validity":[39,44],"(experimental":[40],"control)":[41],"external":[43],"(the":[45],"degree":[46],"task":[50],"represents":[51],"behavior":[52],"outside":[53],"lab).":[56],"Researchers":[57],"are":[58],"thus":[59],"seeking":[60],"best":[62],"possible":[63],"tradeoff":[64],"these":[66,94],"constraints,":[67],"we":[69],"refer":[70],"as":[72],"optimal":[74,85],"fuzz.":[77],"We":[78],"present":[79],"two":[80],"principles":[81,95],"finding":[83],"fuzz,":[88],"in":[89],"research,":[90],"then":[92],"illustrate":[93],"using":[96],"motivation,":[99],"individual":[100],"differences,":[101],"cognitive":[103],"neuroscience.":[104]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}