{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2040744150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09528130601116154","title":"What kind of science is simulation?","display_name":"What kind of science is simulation?","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2040744150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09528130601116154","mag":"2040744150"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/09528130601116154","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09528130601116154","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153467142","display_name":"Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-813X","issn":["0952-813X","1362-3079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental &amp; Theoretical Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://philpapers.org/archive/GRIWKO.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074471668","display_name":"Robb Edward Eason","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robb Eason","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Group for Logic and Formal Semantics , Department of Philosophy at Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY 11794\u20133750, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Group for Logic and Formal Semantics , Department of Philosophy at Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY 11794\u20133750, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045901935","display_name":"Robert Rosenberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4608-6746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Rosenberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Group for Logic and Formal Semantics , Department of Philosophy at Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY 11794\u20133750, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Group for Logic and Formal Semantics , Department of Philosophy at Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY 11794\u20133750, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009301569","display_name":"Trina Kokalis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trina Kokalis","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Group for Logic and Formal Semantics , Department of Philosophy at Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY 11794\u20133750, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Group for Logic and Formal Semantics , Department of Philosophy at Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY 11794\u20133750, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039666141","display_name":"Evan Selinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7298-9204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evan Selinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Philosophy , Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester, NY 14623\u20135604, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy , Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester, NY 14623\u20135604, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023030353","display_name":"Patrick Grim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4340-4289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Grim","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Group for Logic and Formal Semantics , Department of Philosophy at Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY 11794\u20133750, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Group for Logic and Formal Semantics , Department of Philosophy at Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY 11794\u20133750, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074471668"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.317,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90998668,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"19","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.977400004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8574494123458862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6633993983268738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.6572331786155701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normative","display_name":"Normative","score":0.6100245118141174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.536138117313385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5005073547363281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.44610610604286194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.41353219747543335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3020266890525818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.20804518461227417}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8574494123458862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6633993983268738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.6572331786155701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.6100245118141174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.536138117313385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5005073547363281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.44610610604286194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.41353219747543335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3020266890525818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.20804518461227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/09528130601116154","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09528130601116154","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153467142","display_name":"Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-813X","issn":["0952-813X","1362-3079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental &amp; Theoretical Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/GRIWKO","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/GRIWKO","pdf_url":"https://philpapers.org/archive/GRIWKO.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philpapers.org/rec/GRIWKO","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/GRIWKO","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402131","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/GRIWKO","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/GRIWKO","pdf_url":"https://philpapers.org/archive/GRIWKO.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2040744150.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2040744150.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519496632","https://openalex.org/W1548286626","https://openalex.org/W1783773849","https://openalex.org/W1862383500","https://openalex.org/W1967259632","https://openalex.org/W1972178529","https://openalex.org/W1977976576","https://openalex.org/W1985651932","https://openalex.org/W2039919179","https://openalex.org/W2042490093","https://openalex.org/W2049678519","https://openalex.org/W2056096795","https://openalex.org/W2058380691","https://openalex.org/W2150312211","https://openalex.org/W2170035600","https://openalex.org/W2495460789","https://openalex.org/W2612506596","https://openalex.org/W2708689663","https://openalex.org/W2894564506","https://openalex.org/W2970295697","https://openalex.org/W3124411327","https://openalex.org/W3135765519","https://openalex.org/W4232208716","https://openalex.org/W4233948767","https://openalex.org/W4245353148","https://openalex.org/W4253457007","https://openalex.org/W4319590302"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2805957088","https://openalex.org/W2020120615","https://openalex.org/W3162797956","https://openalex.org/W2015192756","https://openalex.org/W1584420410","https://openalex.org/W2120815133","https://openalex.org/W266349394","https://openalex.org/W2284835909","https://openalex.org/W2810840655","https://openalex.org/W2100224582"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Is":[0],"simulation":[1,11],"some":[2],"new":[3,124],"kind":[4],"of":[5,51,82,93,96,107,112,126,134,142],"science?":[6],"We":[7,57,76],"argue":[8,77],"that":[9,78],"instead":[10],"fits":[12],"smoothly":[13],"into":[14],"existing":[15],"scientific":[16,43,143],"practice,":[17],"but":[18],"does":[19],"so":[20],"in":[21,27,32,48,64,91,119],"several":[22],"importantly":[23],"different":[24],"ways.":[25],"Simulations":[26],"general,":[28],"and":[29,53,72,86,109,140],"computer":[30],"simulations":[31,66,118],"particular,":[33],"ought":[34],"to":[35],"be":[36,46],"understood":[37],"as":[38,69,129,131],"techniques":[39],"which,":[40],"like":[41],"many":[42],"techniques,":[44],"can":[45,67],"employed":[47],"the":[49,62,138],"service":[50],"various":[52],"diverse":[54],"epistemic":[55],"goals.":[56],"focus":[58],"our":[59],"attentions":[60],"on":[61],"way":[63],"which":[65],"function":[68],"(i)":[70],"explanatory":[71],"(ii)":[73],"predictive":[74],"tools.":[75],"a":[79,94,103,110,123,132],"wide":[80],"variety":[81],"simulations,":[83],"both":[84],"computational":[85],"physical,":[87],"are":[88],"best":[89],"conceived":[90],"terms":[92,121],"set":[95,106,111],"common":[97],"features:":[98],"initial":[99],"or":[100,105,114],"input":[101],"conditions,":[102],"mechanism":[104],"rules,":[108],"results":[113],"output":[115],"conditions.":[116],"Studying":[117],"these":[120],"yields":[122],"understanding":[125],"their":[127],"character":[128],"well":[130],"body":[133],"normative":[135],"recommendations":[136],"for":[137],"care":[139],"feeding":[141],"simulations.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
