{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2075070568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09528130601116139","title":"The ethics of robot servitude","display_name":"The ethics of robot servitude","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2075070568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09528130601116139","mag":"2075070568"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/09528130601116139","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09528130601116139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153467142","display_name":"Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-813X","issn":["0952-813X","1362-3079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020431189","display_name":"Stephen Petersen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6122-007X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201536842","display_name":"Niagara University","ror":"https://ror.org/05309tf52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201536842"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Petersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Niagara University, Niagara, NY 14109, USA","Niagara University , Niagara, NY 14109, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Niagara University, Niagara, NY 14109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201536842"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Niagara University , Niagara, NY 14109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201536842"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020431189"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201536842"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3911,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59815821,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"43","last_page":"54"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11953","display_name":"Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11953","display_name":"Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analogy","display_name":"Analogy","score":0.8964338302612305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.7584585547447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/creatures","display_name":"Creatures","score":0.7292957901954651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6232030987739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.4500853419303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4190790355205536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3571954369544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.27604758739471436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.1254989504814148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11632183194160461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09790021181106567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.08215028047561646}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521332185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185816","display_name":"Analogy","level":2,"score":0.8964338302612305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.7584585547447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86792732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416338","display_name":"Creatures","level":3,"score":0.7292957901954651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6232030987739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.4500853419303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4190790355205536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3571954369544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.27604758739471436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.1254989504814148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11632183194160461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09790021181106567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.08215028047561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/09528130601116139","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09528130601116139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153467142","display_name":"Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-813X","issn":["0952-813X","1362-3079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/PETTEO","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/PETTEO","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philpapers.org/rec/PETTEO","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/PETTEO","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519901507","https://openalex.org/W1537382868","https://openalex.org/W1540614567","https://openalex.org/W1595165895","https://openalex.org/W1608600376","https://openalex.org/W1930350923","https://openalex.org/W1974609519","https://openalex.org/W2062689836","https://openalex.org/W2100710729","https://openalex.org/W2313173647","https://openalex.org/W2315187676","https://openalex.org/W2598821256","https://openalex.org/W2612675639"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392206215","https://openalex.org/W2365201483","https://openalex.org/W2355561779","https://openalex.org/W2352407775","https://openalex.org/W2469799552","https://openalex.org/W108701362","https://openalex.org/W2615704157","https://openalex.org/W176509374","https://openalex.org/W28964973","https://openalex.org/W46969452"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Assume":[0],"we":[1],"could":[2],"someday":[3],"create":[4],"artificial":[5],"creatures":[6],"with":[7,137],"intelligence":[8],"comparable":[9],"to":[10,73,84,90,108,144],"our":[11],"own.":[12],"Could":[13],"it":[14,103],"be":[15,44,106,145],"ethical":[16,114],"use":[17],"them":[18],"as":[19],"unpaid":[20],"labor?":[21],"There":[22],"is":[23,101],"very":[24],"little":[25],"philosophical":[26],"literature":[27],"on":[28],"this":[29,51,85],"topic,":[30],"but":[31],"the":[32,55,63,91,120,135,151],"consensus":[33,52],"so":[34,69],"far":[35],"has":[36],"been":[37],"that":[38,70,131],"such":[39,123],"robot":[40,58,99],"servitude":[41],"would":[42],"merely":[43],"a":[45],"new":[46],"form":[47],"of":[48,57,66,94,122,147,153],"slavery.":[49],"Against":[50],"I":[53],"defend":[54],"permissibility":[56],"servitude,":[59],"and":[60,127],"in":[61,150],"particular":[62],"controversial":[64],"case":[65,86,141],"designing":[67,97],"robots":[68],"they":[71],"want":[72],"serve":[74],"(more":[75],"or":[76],"less":[77],"particular)":[78],"human":[79,111,124],"ends.":[80],"A":[81],"typical":[82],"objection":[83],"draws":[87],"an":[88],"analogy":[89,136],"genetic":[92],"engineering":[93,138],"humans:":[95],"if":[96],"eager":[98,110],"servants":[100],"permissible,":[102],"should":[104],"also":[105],"permissible":[107],"design":[109],"servants.":[112],"Few":[113],"views":[115],"can":[116],"easily":[117],"explain":[118],"even":[119],"wrongness":[121],"engineering,":[125],"however,":[126],"those":[128],"few":[129],"explanations":[130],"are":[132],"available":[133],"break":[134],"robots.":[139],"The":[140],"turns":[142],"out":[143],"illustrative":[146],"profound":[148],"problems":[149],"field":[152],"population":[154],"ethics.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}